Index
[PDF Version]
Aamer, Shaker, 554
ABC News, 386, 387, 388, 389
Abdo, Alexander, 587
Abdullah (king of Saudi Arabia), 107
Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouk
Anwar al‑Awlaki’s contact with, 229–30, 232, 253
background information on, 29–30, 81
in civilian criminal justice system, 76, 77, 78–79, 85, 91, 93, 94, 348
criticism of Obama’s handling of, 76, 77, 78, 83
family visit, 81–82, 91, 93
FBI interrogation of, 19, 23, 88, 89–91, 92, 93, 230, 348
FBI interviews with, 31–33, 34, 81, 84, 86, 706n24
federal prosecution of, 82
hospital treatment of, 30–32, 81, 82
injuries of, 27, 28, 30–31
intelligence reports on, 30, 80, 97
Miranda warning given to, 30, 33, 34, 78, 85, 86, 92, 93, 94, 96, 305
Miranda warning policy, 27–28, 30, 33–34
as Nigerian, 11, 18, 19, 30, 81, 82
post-Miranda questioning of, 78, 82, 85
pre-Miranda questioning of, 27, 28, 31–33, 88, 348
relationship with father, 30, 81
suicide bombing attempt, 11–13, 17–19, 24, 25, 34–35, 68–74, 229
transfer to University of Michigan hospital, 26
underwear bomb of, 12–13, 17–18, 31, 32, 70, 75, 90, 223, 229, 252
Abu Ghraib prison, Iraq, 39, 132, 539
Ackerman, Bruce, 648, 680–81, 696, 764n110
Ackerman, Elliot, 238
Ackerman, Spencer, 581
Addington, David, 44–45, 64, 183, 184, 185, 188, 192, 457
Adkins, Paul, 371–72
Affordable Care Act, 653, 660, 670
Afghanistan. See also Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan
George W. Bush’s invasion and occupation of, 60
and Dover photos of caskets of soldiers, 426
Guantánamo detainees repatriated to, 313
as hot battlefield, 248, 286, 443
Islamic State in, 689
military detention camps in, 294
and NATO, 642
Obama’s surge of ground troops in, 24, 66
official end of war, 520, 530, 549, 689, 690
photographs of detainee abuses, 431
and release of detainees, 484, 520
roadside bombs targeting American troops, 286
and surveillance programs, 180–81
Afghanistan War, 640, 684
Aftergood, Steve, 410
agency deliberations privilege, 451
Agrast, Mark, 221, 222
AIDS, 119
AIPAC, 367, 391, 731n52
Alexander, Keith, 163, 166–67, 563, 584, 602
Algeria, 142, 289
Alhag, Abdul Hakim, 320–23, 726n36
Alimi, Rashad al‑, 233
Alito, Samuel, Jr., 559
Al Jazeera, 253
al‑Qaeda
Abdulmutallab’s ties to, 19, 29
and al‑Shabaab, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 341
associated forces, 192, 274, 275, 684, 688
bin Laden as leader of, 259, 686, 688
and bin Laden raid, 261
bombings of embassies in Africa, 253, 254, 267, 325, 346
George W. Bush’s memorandum of notification on, 236–37
cobelligerents, 192, 277
continuity of Obama’s approach to, 16
current and near-term threats posed by, 195
and ending war on terrorism, 683–84
in Indian Subcontinent, 287
intelligence warnings on, 180, 220
interagency cooperation on, 188
Islamist terrorist not associated with, 505, 506
law‑of‑war detention of captives, 104, 119, 149
in Libya, 289
material support as offense, 106, 112, 135, 345, 496–98, 500, 533, 546, 727n42
message carriers, 335
National Intelligence Estimate, 212
Obama’s development of policy on, 19–20, 21, 54, 61–62, 96, 120, 128
and pre-2004 election plot, 543, 748n107
and rule of law, 60, 61–62, 128, 149, 267
sleeper cells in U.S., 180, 182, 195, 199, 203
supporters distinguished from members of, 149–50, 151
and surveillance programs, 192, 193, 194, 199, 201–02, 206, 207, 213
and targeted killings, 243, 246, 248, 251, 254–55, 720n40
training camps of, 107, 139
Warsame’s intelligence on, 347
waves of attacks, 25, 28
al‑Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)
Abdulmutallab in training camp of, 90
and Abdulrahman al‑Awlaki, 280
bomb maker for, 89, 252
CIA thwarting airliner bomb threat, 394–95, 396
cruise-missile strikes on, 71, 77, 224–27, 229–33, 719n18, 736n6
and ending war on terrorism, 685
intelligence reports on, 29, 30, 71, 97, 224, 229, 272
leaders of, 106, 288
and Northwest Airlines Flight 523, 231
and Obama’s drone strike on Anwar al‑Awlaki, 179, 274, 279
Obama’s drone strikes against, 289
propaganda of, 90, 272, 274, 279, 438, 506
propaganda videos of, 90, 287
training camps, 90, 94, 225
U.S. security assistance to Yemen for fighting, 78
and Warsame, 340
al‑Shabaab
and associated force status, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 341
and Somalia, 274, 276, 585
and targeted killings, 274, 276, 277
Warsame as member of, 247, 340, 341
Alston, Philip, 241
Amash, Justin, 584
Amash-Conyers amendment, 584
American Bar Association, 668, 671
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
and Anwar al‑Awlaki memos, 232, 235, 453, 471
and Nasser al‑Awlaki’s lawsuit, 415, 418
Center for Democracy, 555
and civil trials for terrorism suspects, 332
and DeRosa, 212
and detainee abuses, 426, 428, 467
and FISA Amendments Act, 556–59, 587
and Guttentag, 661
Obama’s continuity with Bush policies, 17, 299
rule‑of‑law critique of George W. Bush’s surveillance programs, 49, 50
and secret bulk phone records program, 617, 619
and targeted killings of U.S. citizens, 439–40, 442, 462, 741n102
and USA Patriot Act interpretation, 436, 437
and warrantless-wiretapping program, 199, 555, 589, 592
American Constitution Society, 67
American Enterprise Institute, 88
American Medical Association, 502, 525
American-style democracy
and executive power, 42, 55–57
and role of Congress, 486
and surveillance programs, 579
Amnesty International, 556, 558–59
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 46
Anti-Deficiency Act, 521
Apple, 570
Apuzzo, Matt, 405
Arab League, 630, 636, 639
Arab Spring, 374, 635, 650
Arena, Andy
on Anwar al‑Awlaki, 253, 254
as FBI agent, 22–23
and FBI interviews of Abdulmutallab, 31, 32, 33–34, 81, 84, 86
and FBI interviews with Abdulmutallab’s family, 81–82
Miranda rights reading for Abdulmutallab, 33
and Northwest Flight 253 protocols, 22, 25–26, 27
Arendt, Hannah, 244
Arlington National Cemetery, 426
Armitage, Richard, 367
Article III courts, 267, 298, 314–18, 329, 330, 346, 348, 548
Ary, Vaughn, 546–47
Ashcroft, John, 184, 190, 195, 540–42, 566
Asiri, Ibrahim al‑, 89–90
Assad, Bashar, 627–28, 630, 650–51, 652, 654, 685, 686
Assange, Julian, 373–74, 391–92
Asselborn, Jean, 321
Associated Press, 97, 394, 395, 396–97, 399, 405, 406
AT&T
corporate partnership with National Security Agency, 173, 176, 609
and surveillance programs, 171, 186, 209, 210, 564, 568, 600–601, 608, 609, 610
Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF), 104, 118–20, 191, 251, 259, 295, 341, 487–88, 684, 688–90
Awlaki, Abdulrahman al‑, 279–80, 290, 439, 444, 457
Awlaki, Anwar al‑
Abdulmutallab’s contact with, 229–30, 232, 253
Abdulmutallab’s statements on, 89–91, 230, 706n24
Nasser al‑Awlaki’s lawsuit on, 289–90, 415–18, 437–38
CIA assessments of, 235, 236
and cruise-missile strike on al‑Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, 227, 229, 230, 231, 719n18
and Hasan, 228–29
Justice Department’s memos on, 233–39, 249–52, 441, 443, 445, 447, 452–53, 465–66
lack of indictment for, 252–54
Obama’s drone strike on, 97, 274, 279, 280, 281, 282, 284, 289–90, 341, 438, 444
Obama’s secrecy on killing of, 438–39, 444, 445, 454, 461–62, 463, 466, 469–71
as radical Muslim cleric, 227–29, 286, 506
as target, 232, 233–39, 244, 249–52, 272, 273–74, 286, 415, 441, 442, 444, 454, 720n35
as U.S. citizen, 227, 229, 231, 232, 238, 239
U.S. surveillance of, 228, 231, 232, 271, 273–74
and Warsame, 341
Yemeni government’s prosecution in absentia, 252–53
Awlaki, Nasser al‑, 227, 229, 238, 279, 289–90, 415–18, 437–38
Axelrod, David, 95, 195
Ayotte, Kelly, 549–52
Bachmann, Michele, 281
badlands, and warfare, 246
Baghdadi, Abu Bakr al‑, 685–86
Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan
Afghanistan’s sovereign power over, 109, 340, 343, 530–31
detainee-review-board process, 108, 120–21, 333
habeas corpus lawsuits of detainees, 20, 108–10, 302, 531
and Obama’s detention policy, 302, 303, 340, 343
Parwan prison, 108, 333, 530–34
preventive detention for untriable detainees, 530–31
prison conditions at, 107, 108, 133
repatriation of prisoners, 531–33
temporary screening facility at, 107–08, 295
Bahlul, Ali al‑, 497–501, 547
Bahrain, 553
Baker, James A., 187–90, 195, 197, 200, 613–14, 717n107
Baker, Peter, 683
Balkans, 632, 651
Baltimore Sun, 350, 354, 355–56, 371
Baluchi, Ammar al‑, 336–37, 338, 524–25
Ban Ki‑moon, 722–23n77
Banna, Ibrahim al‑, 280
Bansal, Preeta, 669
Barr, William, 679, 764n110
Barrett, Jennifer, 598
Barron, David
and al‑Shabaab, 276
“Best Practices for OLC Legal Advice and Written Opinions”, 447
and George W. Bush torture memos, 427, 428
confirmation as judge, 466, 467
and detainee issues, 107, 109, 117–20, 150
and Jeh Johnson, 332, 333
and military commissions, 131–32, 133, 333
and Northwest Flight 523, 69–70
and Obama’s signing statements, 678–79, 764n110
and Obama’s transition legal-policy team, 102
and rights of terrorism suspects, 308
and signing statements, 669
and targeted killing of U.S. citizens, 234–39, 243–44, 249–52, 286, 438, 439, 453, 466, 469–70
and war powers, 523
white paper on military commissions, 297–99, 328, 329, 330, 496
Bash, Jeremy, 409
Bates, John D.
on assassination of U.S. citizen, 238
and Nasser al‑Awlaki lawsuit, 415–18, 437–38
and FISA Court judge selection, 597
on habeas lawsuits of Guantánamo detainees, 117–18, 302
on hearings for non-Afghans at Bagram, 109
and surveillance programs, 206, 564–65, 572–73, 751n41
and U.S. attorney firings, 425
Bauer, Robert
and bin Laden raid, 259–60, 270, 271
and CIA accountability board, 515
curtailing rights of terrorism suspects, 305
and detainee abuse documents, 434
and Libya, 641, 644–47
and military commissions, 310, 329
and Northwest Flight 523, 70
review of interrogation strategies, 96
Bayh, Evan, 515
Bedoya, Alvaro, 755n115
Belize, 633
Bellinger, John, 64, 151
Belmokhtar, Mokhtar, 289
Benghazi consulate attack of 2012, 396, 397, 459, 650, 756n121
Benkler, Yochai, 393
Bennett, Richard, 382, 383–84
Bensayah, Belkacem, 149–52, 323
Benson, Dee, 206
Berenson, Bradford, 43
Bergdahl, Bowe, 519–21, 523, 526, 552, 671
Biden, Joe
bill on state secrets privilege, 423
and civil trials for terrorism suspects, 87
and detention issues, 123, 134
and executive power, 56, 631, 758n6
and FISA Amendments Act, 214
and Hinnen, 167
and Iraq War, 631
and military commissions, 317
and Obama’s executive orders, 103
and Protect America Act, 212
and role of law in policymaking, 67
Sullivan as national security policy adviser to, 65
and surveillance programs, 597
and transfer of Guantánamo detainees, 523
and USA Patriot Act, 223
Bihani, Ghaleb Nassar al‑, 301
bin al‑Shibh, Ramzi, 490, 545
bin Attash, Walid, 490
bin Laden, Osama
Abbottabad compound, 258, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268–69, 393, 723n79
as al‑Qaeda leader, 259, 686, 688
CIA proposal for attacking in 1998, 236
Hamdan as driver of, 158, 496, 727n42
indictment for al‑Qaeda’s bombings of embassies in Africa, 253, 254, 267
intelligence leading to, 335–39
interment of body, 269–71
interrogation of son‑in‑law, 346
kill or capture option of raid, 266–69
legality of raid, 263–66, 271
oath of loyalty to, 149
and Obama’s courses of action, 260–62, 348, 394, 641
Operation Neptune Spear, 262–66, 722n72
surveillance avoided by, 263
as target, 257–60, 408
Binney, William, 178–80, 187, 354, 712n26
Black, Hugo, 135
BlackBerry, 568
Blackmun, Harry, 72
Blackmun, Josh, 663–64
Blair, Dennis, 85, 363–64, 429, 433
Bleakley, Nicky, 69
Bleakley, Peter, 69
Bloomberg, Michael, 87
Blumenthal, Richard, 397, 596–97, 755n115
Boal, Mark, 408–09
Boardman, Deborah, 371
Boasberg, John, 595
Boehner, John
and Abdulmutallab, 94
and deficit reduction, 657
and immigration, 661
and Islamic State war authorization, 689
and Libya, 641–43, 646–47
and Netanyahu, 682
and spending bill, 636–37
Bogdan, John, 502, 503–04
Bolten, Josh, 424
Bond, Kit, 93, 94, 115, 146, 312–14, 323
Booz Allen Hamilton, 583
Bosnia, 241, 651
Boston Globe, 55–57, 450, 631, 633, 638, 653, 668
Boston Marathon attacks, 505–07, 548–49
Bradbury, Steven, 197, 200, 202, 204, 475, 543, 752n50
Brand, Rachell, 754n92
Branzburg v. Hayes (1972), 403–04
Brazil, 516
Brennan, John
and Abdulmutallab, 23, 28–29, 94
and al‑Shabaab, 276–79
apology to Feinstein and Chambliss, 515
and bin Laden raid, 262, 268
and George W. Bush torture memos, 428
and civil trials for terrorism suspects, 87, 95, 330, 348–49
confirmation as CIA director, 247, 285, 288, 453, 454, 455, 456, 469, 584
and detainee abuse documents, 433
and evidence obtained under torture, 509
and Going Dark, 569
meeting with Abdullah, 107
and military commissions, 124–25, 544
and Northwest Flight 523, 70, 73, 75
as Obama’s counterterrorism adviser, 95, 105, 511
and Obama’s detention policy, 294
office of, 697
and Olsen, 160
and periodic review boards for Guantánamo detainees, 510
and rights of terrorism suspects, 305
and Saleh, 224
and Senate Select Committee on Intelligence’s access to files, 513–14
and Senate Select Committee on Intelligence’s oversight hearing, 580
speech at Harvard Law School-Brookings Institution, 246–49, 278, 293, 484
speech at Wilson Center, 444
speech marking tenth anniversary of 9/11, 349
and Stellarwind, 195
and surveillance programs, 575
and targeted killings, 246–47, 283–85, 288
and transfer of Guantánamo detainees, 527
and Warsame, 340–41, 342
Breuer, Lanny, 350, 357–58, 383
Breyer, Stephen, 659
Brinkema Leonie, 380, 387, 404, 413–14, 732n58
Britain
and al‑Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula airliner bomb plot, 395
Anwar al‑Awlaki in, 227
GCHQ, 401, 621
and Iran, 682
and Libya, 759n23
and Official Secrets Act, 364, 365, 366, 729n21
and Syria, 651, 652
Broadwell, Paula, 410–12
Brooks, Rosa, 690–91
Brown, Janice Rogers, 301, 324
Brown, Scott
and Guantánamo visit, 304, 304n
on Northwest Airlines Flight 523, 76–77
special election victory, 76–77, 82–83, 84, 88, 94, 95, 297
Bruff, Harold, 680
Bruni, Alesso, 143
Buckley, David, 514–15
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), 448–49, 452
Bureau of Investigative Journalism, 230, 719n18
Bureau of Prisons, 525
Burger, Warren, 594
Burger Court, 27
Burke, Edmund, 547
Burr, Richard, 549, 617
Burton, Bill, 58
Burton, Dan, 646
Bush, George H. W., 43, 174, 426, 475, 595, 601, 679–80, 714n58, 764n110
Bush, George W.
and Bagram Airfield prison, 107–08, 109
and CIA torture program, 128, 142, 143, 144–47, 382, 475, 491, 541
civil liberties critique of, 47, 48, 51, 53, 55, 57, 58
civil trials for terrorism suspects, 84, 87, 93, 95, 111
closure goals for Guantánamo, 102–03
continuity of Obama’s national security policy, 14, 15–16, 17, 19, 35, 47, 54, 102, 151, 244, 420–21, 424, 534, 694–96
counterterrorism structures of, 16, 21
decision-making process of, 693, 698
on deliberate killing of U.S. citizen, 97
and detention of Bensayah, 149, 152
on detention of Uighurs, 126, 302
detention policies of, 107–08, 109, 297, 299, 303, 313
and drone strikes, 241, 254–55, 272, 281
and Drug Enforcement Administration, 633
effect of 9/11 terrorist attacks on policies, 35
Executive Order 12333 modification, 218, 565, 624, 741n102
and executive power, 16, 39–41, 43, 44, 46, 48, 51, 54, 63, 111, 112, 118, 119, 151, 164, 180, 184–85, 187, 191, 192, 234, 239–40, 299, 302–03, 316, 482, 521, 677–78
and executive privilege, 424–26, 432
and extraordinary rendition, 141
and Freedom of Information Act exemptions, 419
and Geneva Convention Against Torture, 534, 535, 536
global war on terror, 11, 14, 60, 101, 135, 149, 239–40, 241, 247, 248
and hospital-room crisis, 190–94
incumbent managers of intelligence and military programs, 15–16
and indefinite detention definition, 120
and interrogation memos, 426–28, 744n53
invasion of Iraq, 61, 72, 631, 687
Iraq agreement on disposition of prisoners, 482, 484
judicial appointees of, 301
leadership style of, 63, 66
leak investigations of, 351–58, 363, 366–67, 368, 381, 385, 391, 414
and legal standards of wars between two countries, 744n44
legal team of, 43, 44–47, 48, 54, 62, 63, 64, 65, 72, 118, 121, 151, 153, 157, 164, 194, 197–98, 203, 212, 219, 234, 235, 238, 250
and Leiter, 24
memoirs of, 103
memorandum of notification on al‑Qaeda, 236–37
and military commissions, 56, 64, 69, 101, 106, 110, 125, 303, 318, 489
national security policies of, 13, 35, 43, 54, 63–64, 72, 101, 163, 539
national security team of, 24, 36, 38, 45
and 9/11 trial, 488
Obama’s criticism of national security policies, 13, 38, 50–55, 56, 76, 101
Obama’s release of interrogation memo, 389, 427–28, 430–31, 448
opening of Guantánamo prison, 119, 551
and overclassification, 459
and Padilla case, 152–57, 620
political appointees resigning, 105
repatriation of Saudi detainees, 105
review process for Guantánamo detainees, 509
and Romney’s primary campaign of 2012, 475–77
rule‑of‑law critique of, 47–48, 49, 50, 51–52, 54, 55, 56, 59, 67, 72
secrecy of, 418, 460
security state of, 14, 17, 165–66, 422, 457, 635, 695
and Senate recess tactics, 658
signing statements used by, 16, 39–41, 535, 667–69, 671, 672, 678, 679, 680
and state secrets privilege, 353, 415, 416, 418, 420, 421–22, 423, 424, 736n5
status‑of‑forces agreement with Iraq, 682
surveillance programs of, 20, 48–50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 81, 162, 164, 168, 170, 180–84, 185, 187, 190–97, 199–202, 203, 205, 416, 538, 556, 557, 560–61, 565, 566, 584, 696, 712n23
targeted killings used by, 255, 281
and Tenet, 29
and torture, 242
torture legislation signing statement, 39–40, 249, 535
torture memos, 234, 427, 430
and transfer of Guantánamo detainees, 324
and U.S. attorney firings, 424–25, 451
and U.S. citizens as enemy combatants, 486
USA Patriot Law signing statement, 40
and war powers, 129, 192, 193, 234, 522, 552, 645, 648–49, 653, 666
White House visitor logs, 460
and Yahoo lawsuit, 215
Yemeni detainee policy of, 104, 161
Bush, Jeb, 696
Bybee, Jay, 145, 157, 243, 540
Cabranes, Jose, 465, 595
Callahan, Mary Ellen, 574–76
Cameron, David, 651
Campbell, John F., 528
Canada, 286, 310, 319, 747n90
Canellos, Peter, 40
Cantor, Eric, 397, 613
Capra, James, 601
Caproni, Valerie, 163, 196, 305, 308, 567–70
Card, Andrew, 190
Cardin, Benjamin, 683
Carlin, John, 499, 588–92
Carter, Ashton, 530, 552–54
Carter, Jimmy, 42, 171, 172, 236, 640, 680, 760n35
Carter, Phil, 110, 160, 303
cartridge-bomb plot, 252, 253
Cartwright, James “Hoss”, 260–61, 409
Casey, George, 132
Castro, Fidel, 109
Castro, Raul, 673
Cedarbaum, Jonathan, 328, 438
Center for American Progress, 462
Center for Constitutional Rights, 415
Center for National Security Studies, 59
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Abbottabad Compound 1, 258
and Abdulmutallab, 28, 29–30, 31, 88
Abdulmutallab’s father reporting to, 30, 703n18
accountability board, 515, 744n53
and al‑Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
airliner bomb plot, 394–95
and assassination ban, 238
and Anwar al‑Awlaki, 49, 235, 236, 249, 253, 469, 470
and bin Laden raid, 262, 265–66, 270, 336, 337, 408–09, 722n72
black-site prisons of, 13, 14, 15, 29, 88, 102, 115, 293, 313, 325, 337, 339, 385, 389, 421, 429, 489, 491, 533, 537, 542, 544, 694
Brennan as director of, 29, 285
and George W. Bush’s memorandum of notification on al‑Qaeda, 236–37
and George W. Bush torture memos, 427, 429
cover-intelligence transfers, 141
and covert actions, 265, 285
detainee abuse documents, 432–35, 744n53
detainee interrogations, 115, 123
drone base in Saudi Arabia, 279
drones of, 285, 463–64
and executive power, 42
extraordinary rendition used by, 14, 141, 142
and FISA Amendment Acts, 625
and FISA Court, 189, 577
former detainees’ suit against contractor of, 420
Holder’s criminal investigations of interrogations, 20, 144–45, 146, 147, 339, 386, 432–35, 491
inspector general report on interrogation techniques, 539–40, 541
and interagency national security lawyers group, 64
interrogation practices of, 140, 144, 313, 335–39
investigation of Senate staff, 514–15
isolation standards for detainees, 137
Khost suicide bomber attack, 70
and leaked top secret documents, 375, 376, 377, 378
and military commissions, 125, 501–02
Muslim cleric seized in Milan, 241, 386
and Obama’s state secrets privilege, 423
and Odaini, 313
Operation Merlin, 352–53, 380
and Panetta Review, 116, 147, 492, 512–13
and Raw Take rules, 218
rebuttal to Senate Select Committee on Intelligence’s torture report, 512, 539, 544
and recidivism rate of terrorism detainees, 312
Senate investigation of detention and interrogation of terrorism suspects, 115–16, 145–46, 147, 491–92
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence’s report on CIA torture, 336, 337, 338, 389, 435, 491–92, 512–13, 536, 538, 544
and surveillance programs, 167, 188, 285, 585, 600–601
and Taliban, 260
taped conversation of detainees, 159
and targeted killings, 192, 236, 249, 251, 252, 254, 255, 256, 257, 259, 283, 284, 285, 286, 288–89, 444
and teleconference on Abdulmutallab, 28, 33
and torture legislation, 39
torture practices lawsuits, 14
torture program of, 20, 41, 101, 115, 128, 142, 143, 144–47, 152, 166, 234, 243, 311, 325, 335, 336, 337–38, 382, 385, 387–88, 420, 430, 491–92, 501, 510, 538, 542–43, 544, 704n1
warnings of possible al‑Qaeda attack, 195–96n
and Zero Dark Thirty, 408
Chaffetz, Jason, 649
Chambliss, Saxby, 514–15, 582, 599
Chavez, Hugo, 673
Chayes, Abram, 66–67
Cheney, Dick
and Addington, 457
American Enterprise Institute speech, 127–28
as architect of CIA interrogation program, 431
bureaucratic style of, 63, 698
criticism of Obama’s decision-making process, 66
criticism of Obama’s handing of Northwest Airlines Flight 523, 76, 77
criticism of Obama’s national security policies, 121–22, 128
criticism of Obama’s release of George W. Bush torture memos, 431
effect of 9/11 terrorist attacks on policies, 35
energy-policy task force’s papers, 46
and executive power, 39, 41–44, 46, 47, 54, 183
incumbent managers of intelligence and military program, 15–16
and interagency breakdowns, 64
Libby’s indictment, 367
national security policies of, 13, 16–17, 40, 67, 72, 149
national security team of, 24, 36, 38, 64
Obama’s jokes concerning, 665
on Obama’s national security policies, 16, 66
opposition to FISA, 183
and Stellarwind, 192
and surveillance programs, 181–82
and Tenet, 29, 181–82
on torture, 39, 40, 128, 539, 542
warning of terrorist attack, 163
Chertoff, Michael, 475
Chile, 516
China, 126, 401, 583, 636, 651, 678, 682, 759n23
Cho, Richard, 18
Christie, Chris, 696
Christmas bombing attempt of 2009
Abdulmutallab’s suicide bombing attempt, 11–13, 17–19, 24, 68–74, 223, 229, 242, 253, 293–94, 297, 478, 532, 562, 576, 579, 590, 690
consequences of successful bombing, 79
FBI search of plane, 26, 31
first responders, 22–25
and Obama National Security and Legal-Policy Team, 68–74
and Obama’s detention policy, 304
and Obama’s national security policy, 96–97, 698
political fallout from, 75–77, 293–94, 321
Church Committee investigation, 41, 44, 115, 171, 183, 236, 563
Citizenfour (film), 583
Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics, 460, 461
civilian casualties
and bin Laden raid, 261, 262
and cruise-missile strikes on al‑Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, 225–26, 232
and drone strikes, 272, 285, 288, 444, 464
in Pakistan, 256
and targeted killings, 284, 691
U.S. use of collateral damage as term for, 12, 226, 444
civil liberties
and George W. Bush’s surveillance programs, 182
and civil trials for Guantánamo detainees, 20, 21, 68
critique of George W. Bush, 47, 48, 51, 53, 55, 57, 58
and detention issues, 134, 151
and FISA Court, 206
and judicial appointees, 596
and military commissions, 125, 547
and Obama’s interrogation practices, 307
Obama’s opinions on, 50–51, 59
Obama’s policies on, 16, 17, 54, 73, 88, 482, 571
and Obama’s targeted killing operations, 249
and surveillance programs, 576, 583, 607
and targeted killings, 457
and U.S. citizens as enemy combatants, 486, 507
and USA Freedom Act, 615
and war on terrorism, 60
Civil War, 498
Clapper, James
confirmation hearing for director of national intelligence, 312–14
contact with reporters directive, 464
and leak directive, 464
prepublication review policy, 464–65
and Senate Select Committee on Intelligence’s oversight hearing, 580, 582
and state secrets privilege, 417
and surveillance programs, 575–76, 580–83, 611, 625
and transfer of terrorism detainees, 321–22, 323
and USA Freedom Act, 615
and USA Patriot Act, 436
Clarke, Richard, 754n88
Classified Information Procedures Act (1980), 382, 383, 423
Clean Air Act, 660
Clement, Peter, 115, 116
Clinton, Bill
and Brennan, 29
Craig as defense lawyer, 14
Craig’s break with, 15
and DeRosa, 60
and executive power, 632, 760n35
and extraordinary rendition, 141
and Johnsen, 235
and Jeh Johnson, 52
judicial appointees, 324, 436, 442, 447, 594, 595, 596
Koh’s suing administration over Haitian refugee treatment, 72, 119
Kollar-Kotelly as appointee of, 188
and Kosovo, 629, 640–41, 644, 653
and leak investigations, 366
legal team of, 236
and national security law, 69
and Office of Legal Counsel staff, 234
Operation Merlin, 352
and Preston, 70
and signing statements, 668, 671
and surveillance programs, 353
and terrorism financing, 553
and war powers, 632, 640–41
Clinton, Hillary
and Anwar al‑Awlaki, 417
bill on state secrets privilege, 423
and George W. Bush’s invasion of Iraq, 61
and Congressional restrictions on transfer of detainees, 327–29, 494–95
Craig’s break with, 15
and executive power, 56, 631, 758n6
and FISA Amendments Act, 58, 214
and Honduras, 675
and immigration, 663
and Koh, 73, 134
and Libya, 639
and military commissions, 53, 315, 316, 328
and Obama’s goal of closing Guantánamo, 314–15, 317, 328, 494, 501, 504
and periodic review boards for terrorism detainees, 509, 510
and Protect America Act, 212
and targeted killings, 256, 283
Clodfelter, John, 114
Coakley, Martha, 76
Code Pink, 243–44, 387
Colbert, Stephen, 664
Cold War
and executive power, 41–42, 416
and imperial presidency era, 42, 416, 425, 633, 655
and standing army, 632
and targeted killings, 236
Cole, David, 654
Cole, James
and civil trials for terrorism suspects, 329
confirmation of, 345
and Drug Enforcement Administration, 601
and leaked top secret documents, 396–97
and Operation Fast and Furious, 449, 451
and surveillance programs, 586, 589–92
and Warsame, 342
Cole, Matthew, 386
collateral damage
Abdulmutallab’s misuse of term, 12
definition of, 226, 231
collective security
and due process, 239
and individual rights, 37, 239, 610
Collins, Susan, 85, 93
Collyer, Rosemary M., 290, 754n90
Colombia, 516
Comey, James, 190–91, 195, 541, 570–71
commando raids, and March 13 Standard, 120
Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), 568
communications technology
and surveillance programs, 173–77, 186
and volume of data, 177
Congress
authorization of war, 630, 631, 632, 635, 636, 638, 639, 652–54, 687–89, 693
authorization of war on terrorism, 61, 118, 192, 259, 506–07
blocking State Department officials from United Nations meetings, 298
budget battles, 636–37, 639, 653
and civil liberties, 73
and civil trials for terrorism detainees, 296–97
and closing of Guantánamo, 309, 348, 529, 697
and covert action authorization, 265
and Democratic Party losing filibuster-proof majority in Senate, 82–83
and executive power, 40, 41–42, 43, 46–47, 50, 51, 52, 55, 118, 150, 164, 181, 234, 298–99, 303, 327–28, 460, 478, 481–82, 523
and executive privilege, 424–25, 448–52
and FISA Amendments Act, 54, 212, 213, 560
and FISA restrictions, 174, 175, 180, 185, 193, 201, 210–11, 589
and foreign-murder statute, 250
and leaked top secret documents, 364
legal restrictions on Obama’s power to transfer detainees, 126, 129, 134, 317, 322, 324, 327–29, 330, 492, 493, 494–95, 511, 516, 518, 519, 520–21, 522, 549, 671
and mandatory military detention, 478–82
and military commissions, 69, 101, 161, 298, 489, 498, 500
and Miranda warning, 306, 308
and Obama’s foreign policy, 681–83
and Obama’s unilateralism in domestic policy, 655–66
and Operation Fast and Furious, 448–50
and recess tactics, 658, 761n66
and reform of surveillance programs, 606, 608, 612–20, 625
regulation of electronic surveillance, 171–72, 183
and Stellarwind, 354
and targeted killings, 437–38, 440–43, 454–55
on terrorism detainees, 96, 129, 134, 478, 482
terrorist group membership as offense, 106–07
and torture legislation, 39, 535
and U.S. attorney firings subpoena, 424–26
and U.S. citizens as enemy combatants, 486
and USA Patriot Act, 182–83, 188, 197, 221–22, 223
war-funding bill, 129
and wiretapping, 171, 710n12, 711n13
Connell, James, 524–25
Connelly, Mike, 81, 82
conservatives
and Abdulmutallab, 92
and continuity in Obama’s policies, 16–17, 151
and Koh’s confirmation for State Department position, 708n27
on Northwest Airlines Flight 523, 76
on Obama as soft on terrorism, 60–61, 92
and Obama’s interrogation practices, 307
and surveillance programs, 583
consumer electronics, advances in, 170
contact-chaining, 164, 217–18
Convention Against Torture, 152, 534, 747n99
Conyers, John, 584, 612–13
Cook, Elisebeth Collins, 754n92
Cooper, Helene, 518
Corker, Bob, 649, 683
Cotton, Tom, 551–52, 682–83
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, and habeas rights of Guantánamo detainees, 300–301
courts. See FISA Court; judiciary; U.S. Supreme Court
Cozad, Kyle, 526
Craig, Greg
and after-action reviews, 122–23
and Bauer, 305, 434
and George W. Bush torture memos, 428, 429, 430
and closure of Guantánamo, 494
and detention issues, 123, 127, 166
Emanuel’s relationship with, 21
and military commissions, 124, 125, 136
and Obama’s Freedom of Information Act exemption policy, 419
on Obama’s national security policies, 15–16, 17, 70
and Obama’s presidential campaign, 56
on Obama’s state secrets privilege, 420–22
and Obama’s transition legal-policy team, 102
and signing statements, 669
and surveillance program issues, 163, 166–67
and Uighur problem, 15
and U.S. attorney firings, 425, 737n21
as White House counsel for Obama, 14–15, 70
Crawford, James, 226, 257–58, 262, 266, 269–70, 341
criminal law
and deadly force, 239, 240
and wiretapping, 171, 188, 189, 710n12, 713n44
Cruz, Ted, 455–57, 458, 466, 663
Cummings, Art, 23, 24, 27, 32, 68, 86
Customs and Border Protection, 18–19, 26
Cyber Command, 634
cyberespionage, 634
cyberweapons, 633–35
Daily Beast, 398
Daley, William, 450, 480–81, 657
Daqduq, Ali Musa, 482–85, 530, 532
Daskal, Jennifer, 493–94
Davidson, Michael, 146, 438, 755–56n119
Davis, Morris, 318–19
Davis, Raymond, 256, 259
De, Rajesh, 590, 592, 614, 622
Defense Intelligence Agency, 312, 313, 314
Defense of Marriage Act, 499, 655–56
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, 660, 663
Deferred Action for Parents of Americans, 662, 663
Deitz, Robert, 179, 180–81, 184, 185
Delery, Stuart, 417, 442, 511
Dellinger, Walter, 632, 764–65n110
Demers, John, 589
DeMint, Jim, 673–74
Democratic Party
and Abdulmutallab, 86, 92–93
alternative version of military commissions bill, 53
on George W. Bush’s state secrets privilege, 422
and George W. Bush’s U.S. attorney firings, 424–25
and civil trials for Guantánamo detainees, 20–21, 87, 297, 332
criticism of George W. Bush’s national security policy, 16–17, 38–39, 48
criticism of Holder, 398
loss of filibuster-proof majority in Senate, 82–83
Obama’s Democratic National Convention keynote speech, 39
and Obama’s executive privilege, 425
and Obama’s interrogation practices, 307
and Obama’s leak investigations, 397
and Obama’s state secrets privilege, 423
primary campaign, 54, 55–56, 58
and surveillance programs, 168
on torture, 388
Dempsey, Jim, 754n92
Dempsey, Martin, 517–18, 554, 686
Department of Defense
and Abdulmutallab, 28
and bin Laden raid, 268
and George W. Bush’s national security policy, 64
directives on Executive Order 12333, 185
and Executive Order 12333, 175
and military commissions, 125, 315
and Obama’s transparency, 459
and Syria, 628
and targeted killings, 440
and whistleblowers, 353–54
working group on unauthorized disclosures, 394
Department of Homeland Security
and Abdulmutallab, 28, 32
and Abdulmutallab case, 23
creation of, 694
databases for analysis of terrorism suspects, 96–97, 573, 574–75, 577
and immigration, 661–62
DePue, John, 498–99
DeRosa, Mary
and al‑Shabaab, 276–77
bin Laden raid, 257–60, 261–63, 265–67, 270
and detainee issues, 107
and detention policy, 294, 303–04
Haines as successor of, 156, 331
Krass hired by, 716n82, 727n47
and Libya, 644, 646
and military commissions, 310
and Northwest Flight 523, 69
on surveillance programs, 49–50, 59–60, 162–63, 212
on use of force in cyberspace, 634
and Yemeni detainees, 105
Der Speigel, 402
Derwish, Kamal, 281
Detainee Treatment Act (2005), 704n1
Detelbach, Steven, 590
detention-policy task force. See also terrorism detainees
final report of, 294
individualized reviews, 103, 313
and judicial review, 109
and military commissions, 123–26, 130–33, 136, 333
and Olsen, 105, 123, 138, 139, 147–48, 160–61, 163, 167, 311, 313, 320, 324, 492, 497, 509–10
Dickas, John, 581, 598, 600, 618, 620
Dilanian, Ken, 749n15
DiMarco, Susan, 71
Dion, John, 351, 357, 368
Diyab, Jihad Ahmed, 516–17, 528, 746n79
Dodd, Chris, 56, 58
domestic law, 37
Dominican Republic, 633
Donilon, Tom
and alternatives to Guantánamo, 137–38, 139
and bin Laden raid, 259, 260, 261, 262, 267
and detainee abuse documents, 433
and detention policy, 294, 296
and legal policy matters, 63–64, 65, 67, 693
and Libya, 645
and mandatory military detention, 480
and Military Commissions Act, 131
and periodic review boards for terrorism detainees, 509
and targeted killings, 257, 258
and Yemini detainee problem, 147
Douglas, William O., 135
Douthat, Ross, 766–67n140
Drake, Thomas
FBI’s questioning of, 355–56, 368, 371, 730n38
indictment against, 350–51, 353, 358, 370–71, 381–82, 408, 729n22
plea deal of, 383–84
and Thinthread, 371, 408, 712n26, 730n38
and Trailblazer whistleblower complaint, 353–54, 355
as whistleblower, 381–82
Dream Act, 656, 660
drone strikes. See also targeted killings
aid workers killed by, 288
on Anwar al‑Awlaki, 97, 438
George W. Bush’s use of, 241, 254–55, 272, 281
CIA drone strikes in Pakistan, 14, 254, 280–81
CIA drone strikes in Yemen, 281
on Godane, 278
and intelligence reports, 280, 288
and international law, 73
and legal issues, 273
and March 13 Standard, 120
and national security law, 37, 456
Obama’s continuity with George W. Bush’s national security policy, 47
Obama’s use of, 35, 242, 244, 272–73, 279–80, 284, 285, 287–88, 293, 394, 395, 444, 456, 464, 470, 640, 648, 691, 696–97
in Yemen, 272–74, 438
Drug Enforcement Administration, 600–603, 633, 635, 714n58
Dunn, Anita, 70
Durbin, Richard, 222, 578–79
Durham, John, 144, 146–47, 339, 491, 513, 744n53
DynCorp International, 18
Eatinger, Robert, 259, 514
economy, banking crisis, 24
Edwards, John, 56
Egan, Brian, 536, 602, 687
Eggleston, Neil, 471, 549, 661, 663, 687
Egypt, 635, 638, 676–77
Eighth Amendment, 747n99
Eisenberg, John, 197, 200, 517
Electronic Frontier Foundation, 201, 208, 209
Electronic Privacy Information Center, 737n19
Ellis (judge), 731n52
Ellsberg, Daniel, 365–66, 375
Emanuel, Rahm
and George W. Bush torture memos, 429
Craig’s relationship with, 21, 127
and detainee abuse documents, 433
and Graham, 297
and military commissions, 136–37
and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed’s trial, 159
and signing statements, 670
and Uighurs, 127
enemy combatants
George W. Bush’s designation of, 20, 112, 118
as status of terrorism suspects, 20, 76–77, 83, 154, 282, 507
U.S. citizens as, 282, 485–88, 506, 507
enemy killed in action, 226, 231
Enron, 36
Environmental Protection Agency, 451, 660
Espionage Act
and Assange, 391
and Drake, 356, 370, 382, 729n22
history of, 364–68, 729–30n22
and Kim, 397, 412
and Kiriakou, 386, 412
and leak investigations, 363, 377, 379, 410, 731n52
and Manning, 373, 393
and Sachtleben, 406
and Snowden, 402
and Sterling, 380
Estrada, Miguel, 154, 155
European Court of Human Rights, 537
European Union, 682
Evans, Stuart, 607
Eviatar, Daphne, 691
Executive Order 12333
on assassination, 236, 237, 238, 741n102
and bulk collection, 621, 622–23, 626, 756–57n131, 757n135, 757n136
George W. Bush’s modification to, 218, 565, 624, 741n102
rules for intelligence activities, 172, 174, 175, 179, 181, 185, 217–18, 565, 566, 605, 620–25, 711n14, 716n85
executive orders
of Obama, 102–03, 123, 160–61, 330–31, 460, 468, 535, 605, 659–66, 694
presidential departure from, 185
executive power
and George W. Bush, 16, 39–41, 43, 44, 46, 48, 51, 54, 63, 111, 112, 118, 119, 151, 164, 180, 184–85, 187, 191, 192, 234, 239–40, 299, 302–03, 316, 482, 521, 677–78
and George W. Bush’s legal team, 44–47, 63, 164
Cheney on, 39, 41–44, 46, 183
and Congress, 40, 41–42, 43, 46–47, 50, 51, 52, 55, 118, 150, 164, 181, 298–99, 327–28, 460, 478, 481–82, 523
constitutional theories of, 41, 42, 45
and executive branch lawyering, 677–81
and Koh, 73, 239–40
and national security law, 37, 38–39
and Obama, 51, 118–19, 149–50, 151, 250, 282, 297, 298–99, 302–03, 316, 445, 458, 461, 463, 478, 481–82, 521, 522, 523, 655–59, 663, 664–65, 677–81, 761–62n68
and signing statements, 16, 39–41, 55, 57, 327, 481, 535, 668–69
and state secrets privilege, 415–16, 418, 419, 422, 735n2
survey for candidates in election of 2008, 55–57, 450, 631, 633, 638, 653, 668
and war powers, 45, 120, 129
executive privilege. See also state secrets privilege
and George W. Bush’s use of, 424–26, 432
definition of, 425
and executive power, 55, 57
and Holder’s criminal investigation of torture, 432–35
and Operation Fast and Furious, 448–52
and RDINet, 116, 432
and U.S. attorney firings subpoena, 424–26, 451
EXORD (execute orders), 284
Facebook, 569
failed states, and warfare, 246, 248
Farekh, Mohanad Mahmoud al‑, 286–87
Farouq, Ahmed, 287–88
Federal Aviation Administration, precautions following Abdulmutallab’s suicide bombing attempt, 25
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
and Abdulmutallab’s family in Nigeria, 81–82, 91
and Abdulmutallab’s Miranda warning, 30, 33, 34, 78, 85, 86, 92, 93, 94, 96, 305
and al‑Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
airliner bomb plot, 394–95, 405
Automated Case Support System, 577–78
and Anwar al‑Awlaki, 227, 228
Blarney program, 172
and bulk phone records program, 221
and George W. Bush’s leak investigations, 352, 355–56
counterterrorism division of, 22–23
and criminal complaints, 254
deadly force policy, 744n53
e‑mail records program, 214
Engineering Research Facility, 214
and FISA Amendments Act, 557, 625, 757n138
and FISA Court, 172, 189–90, 214, 557–58, 577
Going Dark, 567–71, 609
and Hamidullin’s Miranda warning, 532–33
and High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group, 140
interrogation of Abdulmutallab, 19, 23, 88, 89–91, 92, 93, 230, 348
interrogation practices of, 19, 23, 88, 91, 307, 345
and leak referrals, 386, 732n69
and mandatory military detention, 479, 481
and military commissions, 545
Most Wanted list, 287
and national security law, 36–37
and no‑fly list, 737n19
and Obama’s leak investigations, 361, 368, 369, 371, 375, 376, 377–79, 406, 411–12, 730n38
and pre-Miranda questioning of Abdulmutallab, 27, 28, 31–33
Prism, 169, 214–15, 557, 558, 582, 621, 713n48, 749n6, 750–51n29, 757n138
and Raw Take rules, 218
and reports of Northwest Flight 523, 68
search of Northwest Flight 253, 26, 31
and Stellarwind, 714–15n63
and surveillance programs, 167, 171, 188, 205, 213, 435, 566–68, 574, 575, 585, 600–601, 613, 616, 756n122
terrorist watch lists, 78, 705n9
and Triangle Terror Group, 281
and Tamerlan Tsarnaev, 506
and USA Patriot Act, 50–51, 51n, 359, 561
wiretapping used by, 171, 566–68
Federal Communications Commission, 186, 568
Federal Register, 667
Fehrnstrom, Eric, 83
Feingold, Russ, 59, 222, 579
Feinstein, Dianne
on Abdulmutallab, 93
Brennan’s apology to, 515
and detainee abuse documents, 432, 434–35
and FISA Amendments Act, 559–60, 587, 593
on leaked top secret documents, 395
and Panetta Review files, 513, 514
Ruemmler’s letter to, 544
and Senate investigation of detainee interrogations, 115–16
speech on CIA investigation, 514
and surveillance programs, 582, 586, 593, 599–600, 603
and targeted killings, 454
U.S. citizens as enemy combatants, 486
and USA Freedom Act, 616
and USA Patriot Act, 436
fiber-optic cable, 37, 173, 176, 177, 712n23
Fifth Amendment, 27, 132, 238, 249, 326, 747n99
financial crisis of 2008, 83
First Amendment
and FISA Amendments Act, 556
reporters’ rights in leak investigations, 353, 362, 391, 392, 393, 396–99, 402–04, 406
reporter’s testimonial privilege, 402–05, 407, 413–14
and targeted killings, 230
First Gulf War, 640
FISA (Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act). See also FISA Court
authority for electronic surveillance letters, 711n21
and bulk collection, 219, 621
and business records, 50–51, 192–93, 197, 198, 205, 219, 221, 223, 580
Cheney’s opposition to, 183
court orders required for wiretapping, 13, 48, 53, 54, 164, 172, 176, 181, 182, 185, 210, 711n13, 712n23
and executive power, 46, 50–51, 56, 175, 180
interpretation of, 436, 578, 750n21
Kris on, 219
and minimization, 189
pen register/trap and trace program, 194, 195, 197, 219, 562
reforms to, 174, 605
and relevancy, 194, 195, 197, 219, 222, 360, 596, 604
and Stellarwind, 185, 192–93, 194
and USA Patriot Act, 182
FISA Amendments Act
and backdoor searches, 625–26
and Congress, 54, 212, 213
expiration of, 626
extension of, 559–60
and Fourth Amendment, 556, 571
individualized FISA Court orders required by, 212–13
judicial review of, 592, 593
Obama’s support for, 58, 214, 555
and Prism, 566, 757n136
and Raw Take, 190, 713n48
reform of, 599, 613, 625, 626
and surveillance programs, 162, 169, 190, 201, 210, 212, 216–17, 220, 221, 555–56, 557, 558, 559, 566, 571–72, 585, 587, 588, 621, 622, 623, 751n39
and upstream Internet surveillance, 208, 558
Yahoo’s compliance with, 216
FISA Court
backdoor search issue, 557
civil liberties critique, 206
declassification of precedents, 169
evolution of, 187–90, 199, 203
and foreign intelligence purpose, 557
hidden debate among judges, 203–07
judges selected for, 594–97
jurisdiction of, 176, 178
and Justice Department, 200, 201–02, 208, 715–16n78, 716n79
leaked court order, 168, 399
legal interpretation of, 219–20
and National Security Agency’s expansion of power, 214
National Security Agency’s violation of rules, 165–66, 167, 180, 183–84, 185, 187, 196, 564–65, 566, 750n21
policymaking role of, 199
probable-cause standards, 211
Raw Take, 189–90, 218, 577
reform of, 599, 603, 613, 619
and reinterpretation of facility, 201–02, 204
release of redacted files, 201
Review Court, 188, 204–05, 216, 713n44
roving wiretap authority, 205–07
rule‑of‑law critique, 206
rules limiting access to data, 165, 167, 173, 181
and Snowden’s leaked documents, 359
Sprint’s challenge to, 361, 561–62
and standard of suspicion, 754n98
and Stellarwind, 197–202, 205, 596, 610
and surveillance programs, 53–54, 59, 165, 172, 174, 183, 188, 361, 556, 561, 563, 571–72, 573, 577, 581, 582, 593, 602, 604, 713n55
and Thinthread, 178–80, 181, 712n26
and upstream Internet surveillance, 211, 572, 749n6
warrants issued by, 173, 186–87, 192, 203, 204, 205, 212–13, 220–21, 356, 574, 577, 581, 582, 584, 587–88, 594, 605, 612, 694, 711n14, 757n135
Fisher, Alice, 351
Fisher, Lou, 451
Fitton, Tom, 461
Fitzgerald, Patrick, 366–67, 385
Fitzpatrick, John P., 467–68
Flanigan, Timothy, 679
Flint, Lara, 598, 600, 615, 618, 620
Fonzone, Chris, 277, 277n
Ford, Gerald R., 41, 43, 171, 172, 236
Foreign-Deployed Advisory Support Team (FAST), 633, 635
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. See FISA (Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act)
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Amendments Act. See FISA Amendments Act
Forrest, Katherine, 487–88
Forsyth, Barton, 598, 600, 613, 618, 620
Fort Hood shooting of 2009, 228–29, 232, 393, 574
Fourteenth Amendment, 747n99
Fourth Amendment
and Executive Order 12333 surveillance practices, 624
and FISA, 204
and FISA Amendments Act, 556, 571
and surveillance laws, 37
and surveillance programs, 50, 166, 171, 175, 188, 710n12
and targeted killings, 238, 239
and upstream Internet surveillance, 209, 211, 572, 573, 716n90
Fox, Ben, 503
Fox News, 375, 376, 378, 397, 407
France, 138, 682, 759n23
Frank, Barney, 667–68
Franken, Al, 755n115
Franklin, Lawrence, 367
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
exemptions from, 419, 431, 447
and Glomar Explorer, 440
Obama’s executive order on, 419
Freedom of Information Act lawsuits
and Anwar al‑Awlaki memo, 232, 235, 443, 445, 452–53, 465–66, 469–70, 471
and detainee abuses, 426, 427, 428, 431
and FBI deadly force policy, 744n53
and FISA Court, 211
and Obama’s White House visitor logs, 460–61
and Office of Legal Counsel memos, 446, 447, 470, 739n57
and prison conditions at Guantánamo, 525
and privacy rights, 169
and surveillance programs, 191, 196, 201, 208, 461, 577, 589
and targeted killings of U.S. citizens, 251, 439, 441, 453–54, 741n102
and terror watch-list database, 737n19
and USA Patriot Act interpretation, 436–37
Fried, Dan, 138, 308–09, 321, 494–95, 504, 508, 511
Gadahn, Adam, 287–88
Gadhafi, Muammar, 289, 635–37, 639, 640, 641, 644, 650, 759n20, 759n23
Gandhi, Mahatma, 692
Gang of Eight, 265
Gates, Robert
and al‑Shabaab, 276
and bin Laden raid, 260–61, 265, 266
on bulk leaks, 374
Dover photos of caskets of soldiers, 426
and intelligence gathering rules, 217
and Libya, 639–40
and military commission trials, 315–17, 328, 330
and Padilla case, 155
on photographs of detainee abuses, 431
policy review on military commissions, 102, 113–14, 314
and state secrets privilege, 417
and Syria, 654
and transfer of Guantánamo detainees, 495, 511
Gellman, Barton, 168, 402, 582
Geneva Conventions
and executive powers, 46
Geneva Convention Against Torture, 534–35, 536, 537
interment of enemy dead, 269
and law‑of‑war detention, 104, 150
Obama’s campaign speeches on, 52, 56–57
protection of wartime prisoners, 13, 54, 101, 110, 525, 704n1, 727n49
Protocol I, 718n8
Third Geneva Convention, 341
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, 41
Germany, 605, 682
Gerstein, Josh, 83, 410
Ghailani, Ahmed, 20, 325–27, 330, 727n42
Ghaith, Abu, 346
Ghani, Ashraf, 528
Ghul, Hassan, 335–39
Gibson, Janine, 582
Gingrich, Newt, 127, 281
Giuliani, Rudy, 56
Giuliano, Mark, 228
Glomar Explorer, 440
Godane, Ahmed Abdi, 275, 276, 278
Goldberg, Jonah, 430
Goldman, Adam, 405–06
Goldsmith, Jack
and Addington’s proposals, 44–45
on Congress’s war authorization, 688
and Islamic State military campaign, 689
and legality of torture, 539–42, 543, 747n99
and legalizing bulk data collection, 194–95, 219
and Libya, 647
and Office of Legal Counsel, 426, 438
and Stellarwind, 190, 191–93, 194, 213, 540, 713n55
Golove, David, 632
Gonzales, Alberto
and executive power, 43, 44
Kris’s e‑mail to aide of, 49
and leak task force, 351
and Stellarwind, 190, 197, 200–202, 203, 205
Goodlatte, Bob, 168, 612–13, 616
Google, 214, 557, 565, 568, 569, 621
Gorman, Siobhan, 350, 354
Gorton, Nathaniel, 206
Gorton, Slade, 595
Goss, Peter, 428
Gottesman, Evan, 146
Gottlieb, Michael, 122
Government Accountability Office, 521–22, 745n68
Government Accountability Project, 381
Graham, Lindsey
and Daqduq, 483
and drone strikes, 456, 457
and ending war on terrorism, 684
and high-value terrorist suspects, 339–40, 345
and indefinite detention, 134, 135–36
and Jeh Johnson, 332
and military commissions, 329
and Obama’s detention policy, 297–99, 309
and transfer of Guantánamo detainees, 549
and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, 506, 507
and U.S. citizens as enemy combatants, 486
Grannis, David, 146
Grassley, Charles, 397, 446, 448–49, 616–17, 661
Greenwald, Glenn, 16, 168, 249, 399–402, 582, 583
Gregory, Noah, 548
Gregory, Rebekah, 548
Gregory, Roger, 405
Grenada, 632, 640
Gross, Rich, 143, 537, 628
Guantánamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba
Afghanistan prisoners detained in, 13
alternatives to, 123, 137–39, 517–18, 529, 552, 554
and Bensayah case, 149–52
and bin Laden, 267
Scott Brown’s visit, 304, 304n
George W. Bush’s detention of Bosnian terrorism suspects in, 241
George W. Bush’s goals for closure of, 102–03, 551
George W. Bush’s opening of, 119, 551
civil trials for detainees of, 20, 21, 68, 159, 296–97, 325–27, 331
Clinton’s detention of Haitian refugees at, 72, 119
and code yellow alarm, 492–93
conditional transfers of Yemeni detainees, 148, 161
Congressional restrictions on transfer of detainees, 126, 129, 134, 317, 322, 324, 327–29, 330, 492, 493, 502, 504–05, 516, 518, 519, 520–21, 522, 549, 671
costs of, 529
detainees not linked to specific terrorist plot, 106
detainee task force, 432
force-feeding detainees, 502, 515–17, 525, 528, 746n79
and Geneva Convention Against Torture, 537
habeas corpus rights of detainees, 20, 108, 109, 110, 117, 120, 138, 148, 152, 299–303, 320–24, 485, 709n49, 726n36
Hamdan decision on protection of detainees, 704n1
hunger strike of detainees, 502–05, 511, 515–16, 517, 525
indefinite detention of detainees, 47, 62, 103, 117–21, 123, 124, 125, 129, 134–36, 139, 159, 330, 348, 534, 536
military commission trials, 14, 20, 21, 113–14, 163, 251–52, 309–11, 488–90
moratorium on repatriation of Yemeni detainees, 80, 96, 104–07, 293, 300, 311–14, 321, 322, 324, 531–32, 690, 746n80
and national security law, 37
Obama forbidding new prisoners to, 258, 293, 295, 340, 343, 347, 348, 483, 493, 494, 696
Obama’s closing detention center, 13, 14, 15, 52, 73, 80, 92, 96, 102, 104, 105, 107, 121, 123, 126–30, 132, 134, 136–37, 160, 161, 267, 297, 300, 303, 304, 308–11, 314–15, 317, 322, 328, 331, 343, 348, 492, 493, 494–95, 501, 503, 504, 505, 508–12, 515, 517, 523, 527, 529, 531, 534, 549–54, 561, 694, 696, 697
Obama’s executive order for parole-like hearings of detainees, 330–31
Obama’s interagency task force on detainees, 103, 105, 109, 123
Obama’s policies toward detainees of, 21–22, 73, 78, 80, 96, 102–03, 107–10, 112–13, 117–21, 123, 133–34, 148–52, 163, 166, 304
prison conditions, 494, 502–04, 515–16, 517, 523–26
recidivism rate of detainees, 312, 327, 550–51, 748n122
torture of detainees, 106
transfer of detainees from, 148, 160, 161, 300, 309, 312–14, 315, 316, 317, 319–20, 323, 492, 508, 510, 511–12, 516–21, 522, 523, 526–30, 531, 550, 552, 553, 554, 694
Uighurs detained in, 15, 126–27, 129, 130, 134, 136, 302, 303
U.S. sovereign power over, 109
Guardian, 168, 216, 369, 399–400, 401, 581–82
Gul, Janat, 541–43
Gulf Cooperation Council, 552–53
Gulf War, 43
Guttentag, Lucas, 661–62
Hadi, Abdo Rabu Mansour, 289, 598
Hagel, Chuck
resignation of, 529–30
and transfer of Guantánamo detainees, 511, 516–21, 522, 523, 527–28, 530, 550, 552, 554
Haines, Avril, 156, 283–85, 331, 515, 628, 646, 727n47
Haiti, 633, 764n110
Haitian refugees, 72, 119
Hamdan, Salim, 158, 496–97, 498, 547, 727n42
Hamdi, Yasser, 111, 112
Hamdi case, 238–39
Hamidullin, Irek, 532–33
Haqqani Network, 532
Harithi, Abu Ali al‑, 281
Hasan, Nidal, 228–29
Hathaway, Melissa, 634
Hayden, Caitlin, 581
Hayden, Michael V.
background briefings for reporters, 382, 383
and George W. Bush torture memos, 428
and domestic data collection, 180, 181–82, 184
on national security law, 45–46
Obama voting against confirmation of, 51
and Thinthread, 179, 187
and Trailblazer, 353
and USA Freedom Act, 615, 619, 625
Haynes, Jim, 155
Haynes, William, 318–19
health-insurance system, Obama’s legislation overhauling, 24, 83
Heller, Joseph, 622
Heller, Kevin Jon, 249
Heritage, 93
Heritage Foundation, 457, 478–79
Herring, Jason, 756n121
Hersh, Seymour, 722n72
Hezbollah, 191, 199, 482
Hicks, Kathleen, 525
High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group (HIG), 85, 140, 267
Hiller, Aaron, 584, 613, 618
Hinnen, Todd, 167–68, 220, 222, 342, 344–45, 589
Hitselberger, James, 729–30n22
Hodgkinson, Sandra, 108, 110
Hoekstra, Pete, 94
Hogan, Cynthia, 317–18
Holder, Eric
and Bahlul, 499–500
and bin Laden raid, 260
and George W. Bush torture memos, 428
cited for criminal contempt of Congress, 451
civil trials for Guantánamo detainees, 20–21, 78, 157–58, 297, 326, 385, 488, 547
civil trials for terrorism suspects, 343
classified letter to Democratic senators on bulk phone call records, 80–81, 223
commitment to rule of law, 67–68, 315
and Congressional restriction on transfer of detainees, 327–28
criminal investigations on torture and detainee abuses, 20, 144–45, 146, 147, 339, 386, 432–35, 491, 492
and Daqduq, 483
and detainee issues, 112, 117, 147, 166, 167
and Drug Enforcement Administration, 601–03
and habeas corpus cases of Guantánamo detainees, 301
interagency task for on Guantánamo detainees, 105
and interrogation practices, 306–07
Justice Department memo on Anwar al‑Awlaki, 239
and leak investigations, 362–64, 367, 370, 381–83, 396–99, 405–07, 408, 409, 411, 413
letter on Abdulmutallab, 79
and Libya, 646
and mandatory military detention, 480
and military commissions, 136, 159, 331–32, 547
and minimum sentencing laws, 659
on Khalid Sheikh Mohammed’s trial, 68, 85, 87, 157, 159–60, 161, 267, 297, 314, 315–17, 327, 331–32
and Northwest Flight 523, 68–69, 75
and Office of Legal Counsel memos, 455
and Operation Fast and Furious, 448–51
resignation of, 452
and Senate investigation of CIA torture, 514
speech at Northwestern University, 443, 471
and state secrets privilege, 417, 418, 420, 422, 424, 737n19
and surveillance program issues, 163, 166, 558, 575–76, 577, 586, 590, 602, 602n, 608
and targeted killings, 438, 441, 442, 455–56, 458, 462–63, 470
and transfer of Guantánamo detainees, 527–28
and upstream Internet surveillance memos, 558
and USA Freedom Act, 615
and USA Patriot Act, 222, 223, 436, 437, 579, 586
and WikiLeaks, 391
and withholding of Miranda warning for Abdulmutallab, 32
Holder, Sharon Malone, 68
Holdren, John, 678
Honduras, 633, 672–76
Hoover, J. Edgar, 710n12
House Armed Services Committee, 309, 521
House Foreign Affairs Committee, 646
House Intelligence Committee
and bin Laden, 723n79
and leak investigations, 402
and state secrets privilege, 736n16
and surveillance programs, 222, 579, 584, 612–13
and targeted killings, 287, 445, 454
and USA Patriot Act, 436
House Judiciary Committee, 453, 584, 613
House Oversight Committee, 448–49
Houthi rebels, 289
Howard, Malcolm, 197–98, 202, 203, 204–05, 208, 210, 716n78, 716n79
Howell, William G., 655
Hoy, Serena, 762n77
Huckabee, Mike, 56
human rights advocates
and Nasser al‑Awlaki’s lawsuit, 416
and detention issues, 21, 108, 134–35, 331
and Haitian refugees, 72
and interrogation and rendition task force, 141
and Koh, 243, 244–45, 644, 695, 760n35
and military commission, 124, 125
and rule of law, 38, 73, 691
and state secrets privilege, 421
human rights law, 240, 246, 629, 727n49
Human Rights Watch, 347
Huntsman, John, 281
Hurricane Sandy, 555
Hussein, Saddam, 43
immigration, 656, 660–63, 665, 762n77
imperial presidency, 42, 416, 425, 633, 655
individual rights
and civil trials for terrorism suspects, 495
and collective security, 37, 239, 610
and criminal justice system, 253
and criticism of George W. Bush’s national security policy, 48
and Northwest Airlines Flight 523, 223
Inhofe, James, 521
Inspire magazine, 90, 274, 279, 438, 506
Intelligence Identities Protection Act, 386
Intercept, 402, 722n72, 737n19
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and Tea Party, 396, 397
international law
and associated forces, 275
and George W. Bush’s invasion of Iraq, 72
and George W. Bush’s use of enemy combatant, 118
and chemical weapons, 628, 630
collateral damage defined in, 226, 718n8
collective self-defense, 686, 765n124
and cyberwar, 634–35
and drone strikes, 73
and Geneva Convention Against Torture, 535
history of, 37
and humanitarian intervention, 629
and international armed conflicts, 690, 743n44
and law‑of‑war detention, 103–04, 107, 112, 117, 118–19, 120, 124, 133–34, 135, 149–50, 301
and Obama’s intervention in Libya, 636
and Obama’s intervention in Syria, 651–52, 653
Obama’s support of legal obligations in treatment of detainees, 727n49
and reciprocity principle, 499
target defined in, 225–26
and targeted killings, 232, 233, 239–40, 241, 242, 243, 247–48, 263–64, 720n40
and war crimes, 496, 497, 498, 500, 727n42
International Monetary Fund, 667, 669, 670, 679
Internet
backbone routers, 164
and bulk leaked documents, 375, 393
bulk records programs, 612, 613
electronic communications transactional records, 756n122
harvesting data from switches, 194, 207, 565
and privacy rights, 37, 193, 713–14n55
and Raw Take, 713n48
Snowden’s conception of, 400, 401
and technology companies, 214–16
and transit authority, 176
upstream surveillance, 207–11, 216, 217, 558, 716n90, 749n6
and volume of data, 177, 186
wiretapping Internet companies, 566–67, 754n99
interrogation practices. See also torture
army field manual techniques, 56–57, 140, 142–44, 340, 476, 478, 538
attenuation‑of‑taint doctrine, 344
and George W. Bush’s policies, 163, 242, 335, 477
and George W. Bush’s state secrets privilege, 416
of CIA, 140, 144, 313, 335–39, 386, 387, 427, 428, 431, 538–39
enhanced interrogation’s legality, 234, 242, 540, 541, 542, 543
enhanced-interrogation techniques, 111, 128, 153, 154, 242, 335–36, 338, 428, 429, 430, 476, 478, 512, 538, 539, 540, 542–43, 747n99
of Federal Bureau of Investigation, 19, 23, 88, 91, 307
internal review of, 96
and Miranda warning, 306–07, 340, 347, 475
and national security policies, 54, 56–57, 76
and Obama’s detention policy, 307, 344, 346, 347, 348, 697
Obama’s executive order restricting techniques, 102
Obama’s interagency task force on, 103, 123, 140–44
Obama’s release of George W. Bush-era interrogation memo, 389, 427–28, 430–31, 448
Romney’s interrogation memo, 476–78
iPhone operating system, 570
Iran
and Islamic State, 523
and leaked classified intelligence, 367, 369, 395, 409
nuclear program, 553, 633, 634, 682–83
Operation Merlin, 352
Operation Olympic Games, 395, 633–34, 635
operative of government, 199
as state sponsor of terrorism, 298
and Syria, 630
Iran-contra scandal, 43, 44, 760n35
Iran hostages rescue, 261
Iraq
Abu Ghraib prison, 39, 132, 539
al‑Qaeda affiliate in, 343
George W. Bush’s agreement on disposition of wartime prisoners, 482, 484
George W. Bush’s invasion of, 61, 72, 631, 687
George W. Bush’s status‑of‑forces agreement with, 682
and Daqduq, 482–85
and Dover photos of caskets of soldiers, 426
and Gulf War, 43
intelligence service of, 191
Karbala raid, 483
military detention camps in, 294, 482
Obama’s air strikes targeting Islamic State, 534, 686, 688–89, 765n124
Obama winding down war in, 24, 482, 484
photographs of detainee abuses, 431
weapons of mass destruction in, 24, 366, 631
Iraq War, 374, 482, 484, 523, 530, 631, 640, 684, 687–88
Ireland, and repatriation of detainees, 138
Isikoff, Mike, 356, 453–54, 470
Islam, interment of dead, 269–70
Islamic State
and Libya, 289
and Obama’s air strikes in Iraq, 534, 686, 687, 688–89
Obama’s Authorization for Use of Military Force proposal, 697
rise of, 610, 690, 698
taking Sunni territory in Iraq, 523, 682, 685
and USA Freedom Act, 615, 619, 756n119
videos of beheadings of American journalists, 523
Islamist groups, and associated force concept, 192, 274, 275
Israel
and Egypt, 676
joint covert operation with U.S., 395, 409
and passports, 671–72
and Syria, 630, 761n53
U.S. support of, 12
Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 368, 369
Issa, Darrell, 448, 449, 451, 452
Italy, and repatriation of detainees, 138
Jackson, Amy Berman, 451–52
Jackson, Robert, 193–94
Jacobsohn, Robin, 510
Jaffer, Jameel, 418, 462, 471, 555–56, 741n102
Japanese Americans, internment during World War II, 135
Jeffress, Amy, 117, 120, 427
Jodice, Ralph, 640
Joel, Alex, 576
Johnsen, Dawn, 235, 438, 719n27
Johnson, Jeh
and Abdulmutallab, 78
and al‑Shabaab, 276–79
annual dinner of, 332–34
and associated force concept, 275
and Anwar al‑Awlaki, 233–34, 249, 280
and bin Laden raid, 262, 263–66, 270
and civil trials for terrorism suspects, 330
Code Pink’s protest, 244
and cruise-missile strikes, 225, 226
and detention policy, 341–42
and detention-policy task force, 130
on ending of war on terrorism, 683–84
and executive power, 149–50
as Homeland Security secretary, 527, 571
and Khadr, 318
and Koh, 72–73, 149, 276–78, 323, 330, 341–42, 497
and law of armed conflict, 246
and Libya, 634–44, 646
and mandatory military detention, 479–80
and Manning, 373
and material support as offense, 496–97
and military commissions, 113, 114, 333, 334
and 9/11 trial, 489
and Northwest Flight 523, 71
and Obama’s presidential campaign, 52–53, 56
and Padilla case, 154, 155
as Pentagon general counsel, 71, 498, 514, 525
speech at Heritage Foundation, 478–79
speech at Yale Law School, 442–43
on state secrets privilege, 417, 423
and Syria, 628
and targeted killings, 257–58, 441, 442–43, 462–63
and unable or unwilling exception to sovereignty issue, 263–64
and U.S. citizens as enemy combatants, 487–89
Joint Chiefs of Staff
and after-action reviews, 122
and al‑Shabaab, 276
and interagency national security lawyers group, 64
and interrogation practices, 143
and Syria, 628
Joint Special Operations Command
and Anwar al‑Awlaki, 231
and Bagram’s temporary screening facility, 107–08, 295
and bin Laden raid, 262, 266
and FAST units, 633
and Jeh Johnson, 71, 276
and McRaven, 262, 266, 339
and targeted killings, 71, 231, 238, 272, 276, 280, 285
Jones, Dan, 146, 512–13
Jones, James, 296, 303, 309, 314, 595
Jones, Nate, 294–95, 305, 444, 569
Joyce, Sean, 578
Judicial Watch, 460–61
judiciary
and executive power, 41, 42, 43, 46, 50, 51, 119, 416, 735n2
and executive privilege, 451–52
and surveillance laws, 54
Justice Department. See also Office of Legal Counsel
Abdulmutallab in custody of, 78, 79
Abdulmutallab’s testimony for, 89–91
and Alhag, 320, 321, 322, 726n36
Anwar al‑Awlaki memos, 233–39, 249–52, 465–66, 467, 469–70, 741n102
and Nasser al‑Awlaki’s lawsuit, 290, 415–18, 736n6
and Bahlul, 498, 500
and Brennan, 95
and George W. Bush’s executive privilege, 424
and George W. Bush’s interrogation memos, 426–27
George W. Bush’s leak investigations, 351–58, 363, 366–67, 381
and George W. Bush’s national security policy, 64
and George W. Bush’s recess appointments, 446
and George W. Bush’s state secrets privilege, 422
and George W. Bush’s torture policy, 121–22, 144, 539, 543
and George W. Bush torture memos, 428, 429
and CIA detention and interrogation, 115, 116
CIA torture techniques used under George W. Bush, 20, 121, 147
counterespionage section of, 351, 357, 375, 378
death penalty procedures, 423
detainee abuse case, 431
and detention cases, 300
and detention issues, 138–39
draft criminal complaint against Anwar al‑Awlaki, 252–53
Drake case, 350–51, 383, 384
Drug Enforcement Administration, 600–603, 714n58
and evidence from warrantless surveillance, 586–87
and executive branch memos, 740n85
and Executive Order 12333, 624–25
first memo on Anwar al‑Awlaki, 233–39, 249
and FISA Amendments Act, 558, 559, 560
and FISA Court, 200, 201–04, 206, 208, 557, 562, 564, 571–72, 588, 589, 593, 597, 599, 715–16n78, 716n79
on habeas corpus lawsuits of Bagram detainees, 109
on habeas corpus lawsuits of Guantánamo detainees, 301
and Haitian refugees, 119
and Hamidullin, 533
intelligence gathering rules, 217
intelligence oversight office, 179
and Latif, 324
and Libya, 646
and military commissions, 125, 498
and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed’s trial, 314, 317, 385
and moratorium on repatriation of Yemeni detainees, 311, 312
and National Counterterrorism Center, 190
and National Security Agency’s surveillance programs, 182, 183, 184–85, 187–88, 193, 200–202
and National Security Agency’s violation of FISA Court rules, 165, 167
National Security Division, 32, 48–49, 123, 167, 200, 205, 253, 357, 368, 385, 479, 564, 572, 587, 588–92, 607, 694
1990 memo on FISA, 174
and Nixon’s use of Espionage Act, 365–66
and Obama’s executive privilege, 448–52
Obama’s indefinite detention policy, 117–20
Obama’s leak investigations, 351, 358–63, 368–70, 380–83, 398, 406, 407, 408, 409, 412, 414, 729n17
Obama’s policymaking team, 78
and Obama’s state secrets privilege, 14, 415–18, 420–24, 736n16
and Odaini, 313, 321
Office of Information Policy, 454
and Office of Legal Counsel memos, 447
Office of Legislative Affairs, 221
Office of Professional Responsibility, 145, 157
and Operation Fast and Furious, 448–51
and Padilla case, 154, 155, 156, 157
and periodic review boards for terrorism detainees, 510
and Reagan’s use of Espionage Act, 366
second memo on Anwar al‑Awlaki, 249–52
and Senate investigation of CIA, 514
and Stellarwind, 192, 194, 196, 715–16n78
and Syria, 628
and targeted killings, 439–40, 442–43, 445, 453–545, 462, 741n102
telephone records subpoenaed by, 97
and Thinthread, 354
threat assessments, 715n63
torture law interpretation, 39, 121
and transfer of Guantánamo detainee, 521–22
and transfer restrictions, 328, 511
and U.S. attorney firings, 425
and U.S. citizens as enemy combatants, 487–88
and USA Patriot Act, 579, 580
and Warsame, 342, 343, 345
white paper on targeted killings, 247, 453–54, 469, 470, 471
and WikiLeaks, 391, 392
Kagan, Elena, 154, 155, 324
Kaplan, Lewis, 325–27
Karzai, Hamid, 530, 531
Katyal, Neal, 109–10, 302, 324, 420
Kavanaugh, Brett, 497
Kayani, Ashfaq Parvez, 256
Kayyem, Juliette, 70
Kazen, George, 206
Keane, Tom, 122
Kelley, David, 356–57
Kelly, John, 503, 504, 525–26
Kelly, Ray, 87
Kennedy, Henry, 311–14, 320–24, 726n36
Kennedy, John F., 66–67
Kennedy, Ted, 53, 76, 82, 297
Kerry, Cameron, 569
Kerry, John
and Egypt, 676
on leaked top secret documents, 395
on Libya, 637, 641
and transfer of Guantánamo detainee, 511, 518, 527–28
and Wolosky, 553
Kessler, Gladys, 152, 515–17, 528, 746n79
Khadr, Omar, 251–52, 309–10, 317–19, 747n90
Khan, Samir, 90, 279, 289, 438, 444
Khattala, Ahmed Abu, 346
Khorasan Group, 686
Khost, Afghanistan, suicide bomber attack on CIA base, 70
Kim, Stephen J., 376–78, 397, 412, 731n49
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 171, 692
Kiriakou, John, 384, 386–89, 410, 412, 430
Klaidman, Daniel, 88, 276, 441
Klein, Ezra, 665
Klingler, Richard, 155
Kneedler, Ed, 155, 156, 324
Koeltl, John, 556–57
Koh, Harold
and al‑Shabaab, 275–79
and bin Laden raid, 259
on George W. Bush’s torture policy, 242
and civil trials for terrorism suspects, 87, 298–99, 310, 329–30
criticism from human rights advocates, 244–45
on delay of hearings for terrorism suspects, 306
and Dellinger, 764n110
and detention policy, 341–42
on ending war on terrorism, 684
on evidence obtained by torture, 321, 510
and executive power, 73, 239–40, 298–99, 522, 648, 760n35
Geneva Convention Against Torture memo, 535
and Haines, 283, 727n47
and Honduras, 673–76
and indefinite detention, 119–20, 134–36, 149, 150, 298
and Jeh Johnson, 72–73, 149, 276–78, 323, 330, 341–42, 497
and Khadr, 319
and Libya, 643, 644–49
and military commissions, 136, 310–11, 497, 498, 499
nomination and confirmation for State Department position, 119–20, 708n27
and Northwest Flight 523, 71–72, 73
on pendulum of U.S. policy, 695, 698
on security state, 695
speech at American Society of International Law, 239–40, 243, 244, 245, 246
speech at Fort Meade, 634–35
on state secrets privilege, 416, 417
and Syria, 628
on targeted killings, 240, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 441
and Tye, 620
and Yale Law School, 239, 242, 285, 760n35
Koh, Mary-Christy, 72
Kohlenberger, Jim, 569
Kollar-Kotelly, Colleen
as FISA Court judge, 188–89, 202, 206, 210, 562, 564, 596, 714n58
and Justice Department, 202, 204
and Kim case, 731n49
and Raw Take, 190
and Stellarwind, 189, 194–95, 716n78
and stretched relevance theory, 194, 195, 197, 596
Korean War, 42, 185, 193, 632
Kosovo, 629, 630, 640, 644, 651, 653
Krass, Caroline
and Anwar al‑Awlaki memo, 466
and bin Laden raid, 259
and detainee issues, 107
on diplomats, 678
and Haines, 727n49
on Libya, 637–38, 641, 643–44, 646, 758–59n20, 764n110
as nominee for general counsel of CIA, 264–65, 513, 514, 522
and Office of Legal Counsel, 637, 716n82, 727n47
and surveillance programs, 162, 195, 197, 200
Kris, David
and Abdulmutallab, 78–79
and James Baker, 717n107
criticism of George W. Bush’s national security policy, 48–49, 219
and Daskal, 494
and detention-policy task force, 130
on FISA provisions, 219
on Fort Hood shooting, 229
Hinnen as acting replacement for, 342
and interrogation and rendition task force, 140
and leak investigations, 367, 368
and Lever, 32
and material support as offense, 496–97
and Northwest Flight 523, 68–69
and rights of terrorism suspects, 305
and Stellarwind, 218–21
and surveillance programs, 589
and USA Patriot Act, 219, 221–22
Kris, Jody, 68
Kucinich, Dennis, 638, 646–47, 649
Kurtzberg, Joel, 371, 413–14
Kuwait, 43, 553
Kuwaiti, Abu Ahmed al‑, 335–39
LaBolt, Ben, 75
Laboy, Suzette, 503
Lamberth, Royce, 188–89, 219, 407, 690
Lamo, Adrian, 372–73
Latif, Adnan, 314, 323–24, 492–93, 502, 524
Lawless (FBI agent), 730n38
law‑of‑war detention
and Guantánamo detainees, 133–34, 135
and habeas corpus cases of Guantánamo detainees, 301, 320
indefinite detention, 112, 298, 330, 341, 342, 485, 691, 766n137
intermediate term, 295
and military commissions, 124
of 9/11 defendants if acquitted, 157–58
Obama’s approach to, 151, 295, 304
and Olsen’s detainee-review report, 161
and periodic review boards, 330–31, 509, 691
and supporters versus members of al‑Qaeda, 149–50
terrorism suspects subject to, 103–04, 107, 117, 118–19, 120, 506, 507
a nd U.S. citizens as enemy combatants, 485–88
Lawton, Mary, 174
Leahy, Patrick
and DeRosa, 59, 212
and FISA Amendments Act, 214
and Obama’s state secrets privilege, 423
and surveillance programs, 586, 598–600, 614–16, 617, 619
and targeted killings, 440–41, 455
and USA Freedom Act, 615–16, 617, 619
and USA Patriot Act, 578–79, 599
leaked top secret documents
and al‑Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
airliner bomb plot, 394–95, 396, 405–06
bulk disclosures, 363, 373–75, 377, 391, 393, 399
George W. Bush’s memorandum of notification on al‑Qaeda, 237
George W. Bush torture memos, 234, 438
dossier on Alhag, 320
dossier on Odaini, 313, 320
FISA Court order, 168, 399
Justice Department’s criminal crackdown on, 350–51
Justice Department white paper on targeted killings, 247
New York Times publishing online, 392
Obama’s policy on, 464–65
and Obama’s re‑election campaign, 394–96
and Obama’s surveillance programs, 162, 168
Pakistan diplomatic files, 260
penalties for leakers, 616
Pentagon Papers, 366, 375
Snowden’s leaks about surveillance programs, 169, 174, 176, 186, 189, 195, 198, 201, 207, 209, 220, 359, 360, 361, 362, 377, 400–402, 435, 461, 560, 567, 570, 571, 573, 575, 583, 586–87, 593–94, 597, 599, 600–605, 609, 611, 616, 620, 621, 624, 625, 626
and Stellarwind, 191, 195
Yemen diplomatic cable, 224, 232, 736n6
leak investigations
George W. Bush’s leak investigations, 351–58, 363, 366–67, 368, 381, 385, 391, 414
cases not resulting in charges, 406–10
Drake case, 370–71, 381–83
First Amendment rights of reporters, 362, 392, 393, 396–99, 402–04, 406, 413–14
Kim case, 376–78, 397, 412
Kiriakou case, 384, 386–89, 412
leaking equated with treason, 362, 363, 393
leak referrals, 363, 377–78, 386, 732n69
Leibowitz case, 368–70, 375
Manning case, 371–73, 374, 377, 391–93
Obama’s leak investigations, 350–51, 358–64, 368–73, 377, 387, 389, 390, 396, 397, 406–12, 464, 465, 697, 729n17
Petraeus case, 410–12
reporters as criminal coconspirators, 362
role of technology in, 377–79, 406
Sachtleben case, 405–06
Sterling case, 380–81, 413–14
treatment of officials suspected of leaking, 358–59, 364–67, 370, 376–77, 408–12, 465
Lederman, Marty
and George W. Bush torture memos, 427, 428
and detainee issues, 107, 109, 117–20, 149–50
and military commissions, 544
and Obama’s transition legal-policy team, 102
and signing statements, 669
and targeted killing of U.S. citizens, 234–39, 249–52, 439, 470
Ledgett, Rick, 602
Lee, Mike, 457, 486, 617, 755n115
Leibowitz, Shamai, 368–70, 375
Leiter, Michael
and Abdulmutallab, 23–24, 25, 28, 85
on Anwar al‑Awlaki, 232
and bin Laden raid, 260
on Obama’s counterterrorism policy, 95–96
and surveillance programs, 573–74
on Yemen, 224
Lemon, Mike, 756n121
Leon, Richard, 596, 754n90
Leonard, J. William, 468
Leonhart, Michelle, 601
Leopold, Jason, 453–54, 470
Letter, Douglas, 420
Lever, Sharon, 32–33, 86
Levin, Carl, 53, 133, 309, 478–79, 507, 544
Levin, Daniel, 184, 542–43
Levine, Mike, 407
Levine, Peter, 133, 480
Lewinsky, Monica, 14
Lewis, Paul, 511–12, 516
Libby, I. Lewis “Scooter”, 367
liberals
on Brennan, 29
on George W. Bush’s historical accountability for torture, 122
calls for investigation of George W. Bush policies, 20
and changes of Obama’s policy compared to George W. Bush’s policy, 17
and detainee issues, 21
and Libya, 647–48
and military commissions, 547
and Obama’s detention policy, 347
on Obama’s drone strikes, 244
and Obama’s leak investigations, 382
on Obama’s rhetoric and actions, 128
and Obama’s signing statements, 671
and retroactive immunity for telecommunications companies, 58
and surveillance programs, 561
on torture, 388
and war on terrorism, 60, 62
Liberty Crossing, 25, 28, 32
Libi, Abu Anas al‑, 346, 550, 551
Libi, Abu Faraj al‑, 335, 336–38
Libya
lack of Congressional support for, 641–43, 646–49
and NATO, 289, 636, 639, 640, 642, 644, 649, 650, 651, 759n20, 759n23
not-hostilities theory for, 645–49
and Obama’s air strikes, 248, 259, 289, 460, 630, 635–40, 643, 644–46, 649, 666, 764n110
and United Nations no‑fly zone, 636
Lichtblau, Eric, 196, 352, 355, 356–57, 408
Lietzau, Bill, 303–05, 304n, 509–10, 511, 525, 531
Limbaugh, Rush, 388
Liotta, Alan, 148, 511, 531
Liptak, Adam, 590
Litt, Bob
and Alhag, 321–22
and leak investigations, 369–70
and Northwest Flight 523, 69
and state secrets privilege, 417
and surveillance programs, 168, 562, 575, 576, 581–82, 590, 613, 615
and targeted killings, 441
Litt, Deborah, 69
Lofgren, Zoe, 626
Longenecker, Julia, 30–31
Long War Journal, 230
Loomis, Ed, 178, 181
Lo Porto, Giovanni, 288
Lowell, Abbe, 376–77, 412
Lucas, David, 484–85
Lugar, Richard, 637
Lute, Jane, 574–76
Lynch, Caroline, 613, 618, 756n121
Lynch, Gerard, 617
Lynch, Loretta, 590
Lynn, William, 137
MacAskill, Ewen, 400–401
MacBride, Neil, 590–91
McCain, John
on Abdulmutallab’s Miranda warning, 86
and alternatives to Guantánamo, 137
on drone strikes, 457–58
and executive power, 56
and Libya, 641, 759n30
and mandatory military detention, 478–79
on Obama’s re‑election campaign, 396
and Petraeus leak investigation, 411
on torture, 39, 40, 103, 136, 535
and transfer of Guantánamo detainees, 549–50, 553, 554
and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, 506
and War Powers Resolution, 759n30
McChrystal, Stanley, 333
McClatchy, 394
McConnell, Mike, 211
McConnell, Mitch, 86, 88, 93–94, 343, 616–18, 643, 759n30
McCord, Michael, 745n68
McCraw, David, 169, 447
MacDonald, Bruce, 132, 333, 500
McDonough, Denis
and George W. Bush torture memos, 429
as chief of staff, 15
and civil trials for terrorism suspects, 330
and James Cole, 345
and congressional authorization, 653
and Daqduq, 483
and detainee abuse documents, 433
and Hadi, 598
and Libya, 642–43
and Obama’s campaign speeches, 52–53
and Syria, 650, 653
and targeted killings, 441
and USA Patriot Act, 586
McGurn, William, 242
Machen, Ronald, 396
McJunkin, Jim, 22–23, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 86, 92
McKeon, Brian, 550–52
McKeon, Buck, 521
McLaughlin, Mary, 577, 594, 595, 753n69
McLeod, Mary, 535–37, 676
McMahon, Colleen, 442–43, 452–53, 463
McQuade, Barbara, 590–91
McRaven, William, 262, 265–66, 268, 339–40, 345
Maliki, Nouri al‑, 483, 485
Malinowski, Tom, 347, 537
Manning, Bradley (Chelsea), 371–73, 374, 377, 391–93, 736n6
March 13 Standard, 120–21, 134, 138–39, 149, 283, 295, 312, 485, 487
Margolis, David, 145, 157, 744n53
Marri, Ali Saleh Kahlah al‑, 111, 112, 113
Martin, Kate, 59
Martins, Mark
and Bahlul, 498–501
as chief prosecutor of Office of Military Commissions, 334, 533
and Daqduq, 485
declassification of CIA interrogation technique details, 544–45
and detention-policy task force, 123, 125, 130, 294, 333, 494, 532
and Hamidullin, 532–33
and military commissions, 125, 131, 132–33, 333–34, 483, 489, 499, 533, 544–46, 549
and NATO Rule of Law Field Support Mission, 334
and 9/11 military commission trial, 489
Mason, Lamare, 18
Massie, Thomas, 626
Massimino, Elisa, 244–45, 331
Mayer, Jane, 14, 381–82
MCI, 186, 609
media-shield law, 363, 364, 399
Medine, David, 754n92
Meese, Edwin, 112, 175
Meltzer, Daniel, 102, 297, 428, 669–70, 766n137
Merkel, Angela, 605
Microsoft, 215, 557, 566
Miers, Harriet, 424
Mikva, Abner, 122
military commissions. See also Office of Military Commissions
and George W. Bush’s national security policy, 56, 64, 69, 101, 106, 110, 125, 303, 318, 489
civil trials compared to, 326–27, 349, 495–96, 547–48, 727n42
conspiracy as triable offense for, 498, 500
costs of, 546
and declassification of CIA interrogation methods, 544–45
evidence accepted by, 326, 498
and executive power, 46–47, 56
failure of, 549
and gag rule on CIA torture, 544
Graham’s support for, 298
and hearsay evidence, 158, 159
and Jeh Johnson, 113, 114, 333
jurisdiction of, 319
material support as offense, 496–98, 546
and Abd al‑Nashiri’s trial, 157, 158–59
Obama’s continuity with George W.
Bush’s national security policy, 47, 62, 77, 113–14, 123, 125, 127, 129
and Obama’s detention-policy task force, 123–26, 130, 136
Obama’s reforms of, 125, 130–33, 159, 161, 163, 251–52, 309–11, 318, 489, 547
pretrial hearings, 546, 547
principals committee meeting on, 124, 124n
prosecutors for, 333–34
red-light incident, 501–02
rules and procedures for, 546
for terrorism suspects, 46, 135–36
and trials for Guantánamo detainees, 14, 20, 21, 314, 315, 316–17, 495–96, 546–47
and war crimes, 496, 497
and Warsame, 342
Military Commissions Act (2006), 52, 53, 54, 125, 318, 496, 546
Military Commissions Act (2009), 131, 133, 343, 497, 498
Millennium Challenge Corporation, 673, 674–75, 676
Miller, Judith, 367
Miller, Matthew, 362, 407, 418
Mills, Cheryl, 675
Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 27
Miranda warning
for Abdulmutallab, 30, 33, 34, 78, 85, 86, 92, 93, 94, 96, 305
for Hamidullin, 532–33
and interrogation practices, 306–07, 340, 347, 475
pre-Miranda questioning of Abdulmutallab, 27, 28, 31–33, 88, 348
presentment hearings exception to, 306–07
public-safety exception to, 27, 28, 31–33, 305–06, 307
for terrorism suspects, 84–86, 131, 140, 305–08, 340, 347, 475
for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, 505
for Warsame, 345, 347
Mitchell, Andrea, 582–83
Modirzadeh, Naz K., 247–48
Mohammad, Jude Kenan, 281
Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh (KSM)
civil trial for, 20, 21, 68, 76, 77, 85, 87, 92, 125, 136, 137, 157–60, 161, 267, 293, 297, 299, 310, 314–17, 327, 329, 331, 548
conspiracy charge against, 500
in Guantánamo prison, 524
interrogation of, 335, 336, 337–38, 430, 537
and al‑Marri, 113
military commission for, 298, 331–32, 333, 385, 488–89
Nevin’s defense of, 501
pretrial hearings in death-penalty case against, 102
Monaco, Lisa
and Bahlul, 498
and George W. Bush torture memos, 427
and closing of Guantánamo, 511, 554
Disclosures Action Tracker, 623
and mandatory military detention, 479, 480, 481
and military commissions, 499
and Obama’s state secrets privilege, 421
office of, 697
and role of law in policymaking, 65–66
and surveillance programs, 572, 577, 584, 589, 602, 604, 606–08, 694
and targeted killings, 283
and transfer of Guantánamo detainees, 518
Morison, Samuel Loring, 366, 731n49
Morrell, Michael, 754n88
Morrison, Trevor, 124, 669, 681
Morsi, Mohamed, 676
Moss, Ian, 511
Moss, Randolph, 641
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 366
Mueller, Robert
and Abdulmutallab case, 23, 93
Arena as counterterrorism aide to, 22
and bin Laden raid, 260
and Going Dark, 569, 570
and mandatory military detention, 480–81
and Lisa Monaco, 421
as Obama’s FBI director, 163
and Senate Select Committee on Intelligence’s oversight hearing, 580
and Stellarwind, 191, 195
and surveillance programs, 184, 195
Mujica, José, 516, 523, 746n82
Mukasey, Michael, 144, 217, 332, 333, 335–37, 339, 388, 615
Mullen, Mike, 122, 256, 266, 268, 271, 374
Muller, Scott, 747n103
Mumbai terrorist attacks of 2008, 229
Murphy, John F., 318, 319, 333
Musharraf, Pervez, 255
Muslim Americans
bombing plots of, 220, 229
FBI surveillance of, 229
Nabhan, Saleh Ali Saleh, 275
Nabors, Rob, 669–70
Nacchio, Joe, 712n23
Nadler, Jerrold, 423, 584, 612–13, 639
Napolitano, Janet, 75, 77, 85, 316, 441
Nashiri, Abd al‑, 21, 77, 157, 158–59, 310, 330, 545
National Archives, Obama’s 2009 speech at, 61–62, 126, 127, 128, 134, 139, 315, 316, 517
National Counterterrorism Center
databases for analysis of terrorism suspects, 96–97, 573–78
dossiers for periodic review of terrorism detainees, 510
and FISA Court, 190
founding of, 573
Leiter as director of, 23–24, 25, 96, 573–74
Olsen as director of, 510, 573
and surveillance programs, 167, 195, 573–75
and targeted killings, 282
teleconference on Abdulmutallab, 28, 29, 33
Tenet as director of, 29
National Defense Authorization Act (2011), 327–28, 478–82, 485–88, 549
National Defense University, 284, 463, 508, 510, 531, 684
National Insider Threat Policy, 393–94
National Intelligence Estimate, 212
National Review, 430
National Security Agency. See also Stellarwind; surveillance programs
and Abdulmutallab, 28, 30, 88, 229–30
and alert-list, 165, 167
and Anwar al‑Awlaki, 229–30, 736n6
black budget, 169–70, 184
Blarney program, 172
bulk e‑mail records program, 167, 168, 169, 177, 182, 186, 191, 192, 193, 194–95, 197, 198–99, 207–11, 220, 223, 561, 564–66, 578, 596, 713–14n55, 716n85
and cyberweapons, 633–34
data-collection activities of, 164, 177–80
and data processing speed, 177–78
declassification of directives, 169
domestic metadata collected by, 164–65, 178–82, 184, 186, 187, 192, 561, 564, 565, 566, 572, 573, 600, 607, 621, 696, 750n21, 750–51n29, 751n39, 751n41
and Drake, 350, 353–54, 355, 383
and Executive Order 12333, 172, 174, 625, 711n14, 757n136
and executive power, 42, 180, 182–83, 187
expansion of power, 213, 214, 557–58, 563–64, 717n96
Fairview, 173
IG report, 186
leak by former contractor, 81
litigation against, 50
Multi-Communication Transactions, 751n41
Prism, 169, 214–17, 557, 566, 621, 713n48, 749n6
and Raw Take rules, 218, 577
secret bulk phone records program, 21, 51n, 80–81, 162, 164–67, 168, 169, 172, 186, 187, 192, 193, 196–99, 201–02, 203, 205–06, 207, 209, 220, 221, 222, 223, 336, 359, 399–400, 435, 561, 562–64, 578, 580–86, 593, 596, 598, 599, 600–603, 604, 605–08, 617–18, 624, 694, 749n16, 754n98
signal intelligence operations, 179, 218
Special Source Operations, 184
Stormbrew, 186
Thinthread, 178–80, 181, 182, 187, 353, 354, 371, 408, 712n26, 730n38
Trailblazer, 187, 353–54
and transit authority, 174–77, 181, 186, 213, 214, 217, 609–10, 626, 712n23, 755n108
and Tsarnaev brothers, 506
and upstream Internet surveillance, 558, 572, 573
violation of FISA Court rules, 165–66, 167, 180, 183–84, 185, 187–88, 196, 461, 750n21
warrantless surveillance program of, 14, 41, 48, 50, 51, 57, 164, 187–88, 196, 197, 199–202, 220, 351, 352–53, 354, 355, 408, 555–60, 574, 585, 586–93, 712n23, 736n5
whistleblowers, 180, 353–54, 355, 356–57, 712n26
and wiretapping Internet companies, 567
wiretapping used by, 13, 41, 164, 173
XKEYSCORE system, 761n85
National Security Council
and after-action review, 122–23
Anwar al‑Awlaki on CIA’s kill‑or‑capture list, 249, 272
and civil trials for Guantánamo detainees, 87
decision-making process of, 63–64, 65, 67, 693–94
DeRosa as Obama’s top lawyer for, 49, 69, 162, 212
and detainee issues, 107
and interagency national security lawyers group, 64, 65
and Libya, 259, 641
and military commissions, 309–10, 533
and Obama’s closing of Guantánamo, 529
and Obama’s detention policy, 295
and Obama’s state secrets privilege, 423
and surveillance programs, 581
and Syria, 628, 650, 652
and transfer of Guantánamo detainees, 554
national security law
and George W. Bush’s legal team, 44–47
development of, 36–37, 54, 69, 254
and executive power, 37, 38–39
issues of, 37–39, 456
and Romney, 281–82, 475–77, 483–84, 580
and West Point Group, 264
national security policies of George W. Bush, 13, 35, 43, 54, 63–64, 72, 101, 163, 539
changes of Obama’s policy compared to George W. Bush’s policy, 17, 19, 81, 101, 163
continuity of Obama’s policy with George W. Bush’s policy, 14, 15–16, 17, 19, 35, 47, 54, 102, 151, 244, 420–21, 424
failure in Northwest Airlines Flight 523, 75, 77–81
hardening of Obama’s policy, 95–97
and interagency legal debates, 38
and interrogation practices, 54, 56–57, 76
and 9/11 terrorist attacks, 13, 21, 35, 36, 122, 181
Obama’s national security legal policy, 11, 38, 39, 64, 69, 73, 81, 129, 170, 227, 230, 248, 293, 344, 442, 482, 483–84, 508, 539, 560, 639, 666–67, 697–98, 766–67n140
and Obama’s presidential campaign, 52–53, 67
and Obama’s re‑election campaign, 394
as political issue, 83, 84, 95
Republican criticism of Obama’s policy, 85–86, 95, 293
and wiretapping, 171, 710n12
NATO
and Kosovo, 629, 640
leaks on, 374
and Libya, 289, 636, 639, 640, 642, 644, 649, 650, 651, 759n20, 759n23
and Syria, 630, 651, 652
NATO Rule of Law Field Support Mission, 334
NBC News, 442, 453–54, 582
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 682
Nevin, David, 488, 501
New Deal, administrative state consolidation, 42
Newhouse, Neil, 83
Newman, Charles, 259
Newman, John, 465
NewsHour, 159
Newsweek, 356, 395, 408
New Yorker, 381–82, 389
New York subway bombing plot, 220, 229, 286
New York Times
and Anwar al‑Awlaki memo, 232, 235, 452–53
and bulk records collection, 612
on George W. Bush’s surveillance programs, 351, 352, 354, 355, 414
and CIA torture, 115
Freedom of Information Act lawsuits, 211, 235, 436, 442
Holder’s op‑ed in, 159
and Justice Department, 391, 392
on National Security Agency, 209
on Obama’s detention policy, 347
on Obama’s drone strikes, 395
and Obama’s state secrets privilege, 420
and Petraeus leak investigation, 411
and Snowden’s leaked documents, 189, 402
and state secrets privilege, 417
and surveillance programs, 211, 587
and targeted killings, 256, 439, 442, 462
and USA Patriot Act interpretation, 436, 437
on warrantless wiretapping program, 196, 197, 199, 555, 590
and WikiLeaks, 373
New York v. Quarles (1984), 27, 28
Nicaragua, 43
Nigeria
Abdulmutallab as Nigerian, 11, 18, 19, 30, 81, 82, 91
Abdulmutallab’s father reporting to embassy in, 30
Arena sending CIA agents to, 81
9/11 Commission, 122, 236, 488–90, 604
9/11 terrorist attacks. See also 9/11 Commission; terrorism detainees; terrorism suspects; war on terrorism
after-action review of, 122
and Anwar al‑Awlaki, 228
cases against conspirators, 73, 85, 87, 102, 106, 125, 157, 158, 159, 160, 228, 297, 298, 316, 317, 325, 331, 332, 333, 336, 385, 488–90, 497–98, 500–502, 524, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 585, 697
delay in pretrial hearings against accused accomplices, 102, 125
Ground Zero, 182
as justification of warrantless wiretapping program, 188, 189–90, 585, 712n23
and national security policies, 13, 21, 35, 36, 122, 181
tenth anniversary of, 349
Nixon, Richard, 42, 198, 365–66, 367, 397, 425, 466–67, 640
No Child Left Behind Act (2002), 657
no‑fly list
expansion of, 78, 705n9
and Obama’s state secrets privilege, 737n19
noninternational armed conflict (NIAC), 743n44
North Atlantic Treaty Alliance, 759n20
North Korea, 375–76, 377
Northwest Airlines Flight 523. See Christmas bombing attempt of 2009
Nuclear Posture Review, 459
Obama, Barack
and bin Laden raid, 258, 260–62, 267, 271, 394, 641
campaign rhetoric of, 11, 13, 15, 17, 51–56, 58–59, 67, 76, 108–09, 351, 416, 420, 448, 551, 631, 633, 638, 668
campaign staff of, 29, 52–53
and Colbert, 664–65
and constitutional law, 50, 51–52, 53
and contact-chaining of data gathered under Executive Order 12333, 218
continuity with George W. Bush’s national security policy, 14, 15–16, 17, 19, 35, 47, 54, 102, 151, 244, 420–21, 424, 534, 694–96
counterterrorism structures of, 35
criticism of George W. Bush’s national security policies, 13, 38, 50–55, 56, 76, 101
criticism on Miranda warning for Abdulmutallab, 30
Democratic National Convention keynote speech, 39, 50
DeRosa’s briefing on surveillance programs, 212
domestic policies of, 24, 655–66
and drone strikes, 35, 242, 244, 272–73, 279–80, 284, 285, 287–88, 293, 394, 395, 444, 456, 464, 470, 640, 648, 691, 696–97
education policy, 657
and executive-branch lawyering, 677–81, 698
executive orders of, 102–03, 123, 160–61, 330–31, 460, 468, 535, 605, 659–66, 694
and executive power, 51, 118–19, 149–50, 151, 250, 282, 297, 298–99, 302–03, 316, 445, 458, 461, 463, 478, 481–82, 521, 522, 523, 655–59, 663, 664–65, 677–81, 761–62n68
and executive privilege, 425–26, 432–35, 448–52
and FISA Amendments Act, 58, 214
foreign affairs policy, 666–83, 766–67n140
Freedom of Information Act exemption policy, 419
Hawaiian vacation of December 2009, 11, 13, 73
immigration policy, 656, 660–63, 665, 762n77
judicial appointees, 595, 615
leadership style of, 66, 79, 94
leak investigations of, 350–51, 358–64, 368–73, 377, 387, 389, 390, 396, 397, 406–12, 464, 465, 697, 729n17
legislative agenda of, 83
and military commissions reforms, 125, 130–33, 159, 161, 163, 251–52, 309–11, 318, 489, 547
National Security Agencies’ daily briefings of, 217
Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, 62, 73–74, 161, 651, 692
Noel Peace Prize laureates on torture, 536
and Northwest Flight 523, 75
“Offensive Cyber Effects Operations” policy directive, 635
and Office of Legal Counsel appointments, 235, 719n27
and Padilla case, 155–56
PPD‑14, 481
and Protect America Act, 58, 212
recess appointments, 445, 658–59, 761–62n68
re‑election campaign of, 328, 394, 395–96, 555, 647, 661
role of law in administration, 62–67, 191
security state of, 14, 17, 165–66, 422, 635, 694, 695
signing statement on National Defense Authorization Act, 328, 481, 521
signing statements on foreign affairs policy, 666–72, 678–80, 764n110
speech at National Archives in May 2009, 61–62, 126, 127, 128, 134, 139, 315, 316, 517
speech at National Defense University, 284, 463, 508, 510, 531, 684
speech on reform of surveillance programs, 605–06, 607, 623–24, 694
State of the Union speech of 2014, 549
and state secrets privilege, 14, 209, 416, 418, 420–24, 737n19
surveillance programs of, 35, 60, 162, 167–68, 169, 170, 220, 557, 560–61, 573–78, 597–600, 603–09, 626, 691, 696, 714n58
targeted killing operations, 240, 241, 242, 245, 246–48, 256–57, 283–89
and transit authority, 175
transparency policy, 418–20, 426–32, 441, 443, 444, 447, 448, 454, 458–62, 463, 464, 467, 471, 489
and war on terrorism, 14, 60–62
and war powers, 129, 301, 521, 522, 523, 552, 630, 633, 645, 648–49, 653, 654, 655, 666
We Can’t Wait slogan, 658–59
White House visitor logs, 459, 460–61
Obama National Security and Legal-Policy Team
and Abdulmutallab’s interrogation, 93
Abdulmutallab suicide bombing attempt’s effect on, 35
and al‑Shabaab, 274–79
and assassination ban, 238, 268
and bin Laden raid, 259, 262, 264, 267–71
and bin Laden’s body, 269–71
and civil trials for terrorism detainees, 296–97, 329
and closing of Guantánamo, 508
continuity with George W. Bush’s national security policy, 47, 151, 152–53
covert action authorization, 264–66
and detention policy, 294, 295–96, 302, 314
disagreements of, 21
and executive orders, 102–03, 123
and executive power, 120
and executive privilege, 450
holdovers from George W. Bush’s team, 24, 163, 166
and interagency national security lawyers group, 64–65, 66, 259, 278–79, 286, 306, 479, 480, 536–37, 628–31, 634–35, 641, 643–45, 648, 687, 693
law enforcement approach, 81–82, 84, 85, 88, 91, 95, 306
and law enforcement tools for terrorism, 61, 95, 149
and national security law, 36, 129–30
Northwest Airlines Flight 523, 67–74, 77–81
and Padilla case, 156, 157
policy development, 15–16, 17, 19–20, 21, 24, 35
and rights of terrorism suspects, 305, 306, 307–08
and role of law in policymaking, 62–67, 72–73, 308
and rule of law, 54, 62, 63–64, 73, 191, 293, 297, 315, 509, 690–95, 696, 727n49
selected members of, 3–7
and state secrets privilege, 736n16
and Stellarwind, 192, 218–21
and surveillance programs, 60, 162–63, 166, 220
and Syria, 629–31
and targeted killings, 247, 257, 282, 286
and war on terrorism, 61, 149
and Warsame, 345–46
Obey, David, 667–68, 669
O’Connell, Mary Ellen, 245, 469
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 122, 720n35
Odaini, Mohammed, 311–14, 320, 321, 323
Office of Legal Counsel
and Alhag, 726n36
appeal to FISA Court of Review, 204–05
on Anwar al‑Awlaki, 232, 438, 441, 455
Barron’s white paper on military commissions, 297–99, 328, 329, 330, 496
and George W. Bush’s interrogation memos, 426–27
and George W. Bush’s recess appointments, 446
and George W. Bush torture memos, 427, 428, 543
creation of, 45
and executive power, 153
and executive privilege, 450–51, 459–60
and interagency national security lawyers group, 64
and law‑of‑war detention, 150
memo on assassination ban in Executive Order 12333, 237
and military commissions, 132, 328, 329, 496
and Obama’s immigration policy, 662
and Obama’s recess appointments, 445–46, 460
and Obama’s signing statements, 670
“Principles to Guide the Office of Legal Counsel”, 234
and Seitz, 438, 446
and Stellarwind, 190, 195, 197, 200
and surveillance programs, 756n122
and targeted killing of U.S. citizens, 234–39, 438, 439, 440, 441–42, 454
on torture law, 234, 540, 541, 747n99
and transfer of Guantánamo detainee, 522
and War Powers Resolution, 641
Office of Military Commissions, Martins as chief prosecutor of, 334
Office of the Director of National Intelligence
and interagency national security lawyers group, 64
and Litt, 369, 441
and military commissions, 125
and Obama’s state secrets privilege, 423
and post‑9/11 reform era, 25, 694
and surveillance program issues, 163, 168, 562, 575, 581, 582
Office of the Vice President, and Obama’s state secrets privilege, 423
Official Secrets Act (Britain), 364, 365, 366, 729n21
Ogden, David, 147, 427–28
Oklahoma City bombing of 1995, 15
Olavarria, Esther, 762n77
Olsen, Matt
and detention-policy task force, 105, 123, 138, 139, 147–48, 160–61, 163, 167, 311, 313, 320, 324, 492, 497, 509–10
and FISA Court, 200, 205, 589
and rights of terrorism suspects, 308
and surveillance program issues, 163, 165, 167, 200, 563, 573, 575–76, 578, 580, 589, 606
and Yahoo lawsuit, 215
and Yemeni detainee policy, 105–07, 117, 147–48, 492
Olson, Eric, 266
Olson, Ted, 708n27
Oman, 553
Omar, Mullah, 260
Operation Fast and Furious, 448–52, 459
Operation Neptune Spear, 260–66
Operation Olympic Games, 395, 633–34, 635
Opinio Juris, 249
O’Reilly, Bill, 92
Oren, Michael, 761n53
Owen, Matt, 755n115, 756n121
Padilla, Jose, 84, 111, 112, 153–57, 620
Pakistan
al‑Qaeda in, 212, 220, 273
and bin Laden raid legality, 263–66
and bin Laden raid plans, 260, 261–62
and bin Laden raid protest, 266
George W. Bush’s drone strikes in, 241, 254–55
CIA drone strikes in, 14, 254, 280–81, 285, 444
civilian casualties in, 256
and Haqqani Network, 532
ISI as intelligence service, 260
Obama’s air strikes in, 241, 248, 255–57, 259, 263, 283, 294
Parwan prison detainees from, 531
permission for U.S. drone strikes, 233
Palestine, and U.S. support of Israel, 12
Palin, Sarah, 94
Panama, 632, 640
Panetta, Leon
and Abdulmutallab, 93
on Anwar al‑Awlaki, 231–32, 417
and bin Laden raid, 260, 261, 265–66, 270–71, 408–10, 723n79
and George W. Bush torture memos, 428, 429
and Congressional restrictions on transfers of detainees, 494–95
and detainee abuse documents, 432–33, 435
and military commissions, 316, 317
on Obama’s leadership style, 66
Panetta Review, 116, 147, 492, 512–13
and plea bargains for terrorism detainees, 329
and Senate investigation of CIA detention and interrogation of terrorism suspects, 115–16, 147
and state secrets privilege, 417
and Syria, 654
and targeted killings, 283
and transfer of Guantánamo detainees, 511, 530
Park, Chan, 598, 600, 615, 618, 620
Patriot Act. See USA Patriot Act
Paul, Rand, 454–57, 458, 462, 466, 618, 638, 663
Paul, Ron, 56, 281–82
Pauley, William H., III, 436–37, 596, 617
Pearl Harbor attack, 455
Peissig, Theodore, 26
Pelley, Scott, 382
Pelosi, Nancy, 643
Pentagon
and Abdulmutallab teleconference, 33
and alternatives to Guantánamo, 137, 138, 305, 552
and annual defense bills, 479
and bin Laden raid, 270, 408
cruise-missile strikes at al‑Qaeda, 224–25
and drones from CIA, 285
and Executive Order 12333, 624–25
and force-feeding of detainees, 528
inspector general report, 338
intelligence gathering rules, 217
and interagency national security lawyers group, 64
and Libya, 647
and mandatory military detention, 479, 480
and military commissions, 132, 251–52, 310, 545
and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed’s trial, 314
and Obama’s closing Guantánamo, 511
and Obama’s detainee policy, 110, 118, 347
and Obama’s state secrets privilege, 423
Office of Detainee Affairs, 148
and Padilla case, 155
and photographs of detainee abuses, 431
and possible indictment of Anwar al‑Awlaki, 253
and targeted killings, 257–58
and transfer of Guantánamo detainees, 495, 508, 521–22
and Zero Dark Thirty, 408
Pentagon Papers, 366, 375, 466–67
Perrelli, Tom, 420
Perry, Rick, 281
Petraeus, David, 77–78, 132, 133, 225, 232–33, 333, 410–13, 414
Philbin, Patrick, 195
Pildes, Rick, 647
plastic explosives, Abdulmutallab’s use of, 12–13
Podesta, John, 462
Pohl, James, 488–90, 501–02, 547
Poitras, Laura, 168, 189, 209, 400–402, 583
Poland, 537
Politico, 410
Pollack, Barry, 414
Pooler, Rosemary, 465
Portugal, and repatriation of detainees, 138
Posner, Michael, 535, 537
Potenza, Vito, 163, 179, 200
Powell, Benjamin, 163–65, 166
Powell, Lewis F., Jr., 403–04
Power, Samantha, 527, 581
Powers, Kevin, 179
Pozen, David, 643
Preston, Mary, 70
Preston, Stephen
and Anwar al‑Awlaki, 233–34, 249, 417
and Bergdahl release, 519
and bin Laden raid, 257–59, 261–63, 266–67, 268, 270, 334
and detainee abuse documents, 434
and evidence labeled as obtained by torture, 510
and force-feeding of Guantánamo detainees, 746n79
and Government Accountability Office, 745n68
and Guantánamo detainee abuses, 516
and Holder’s criminal investigation of torture, 146–47
and Northwest Flight 523, 70
Pentagon transfer, 514, 525
and state secrets privilege, 417
and targeted killings, 242–43, 441
and war on terrorism, 688, 690
Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board, 604, 617, 754n92
Privacy Protection Act (1980), 398, 399
privacy rights
and criticism of George W. Bush’s national security policy, 48
and development of surveillance technology, 171, 182, 568–69, 571, 576, 710n12
and Executive Order 12333 surveillance, 624
and FISA Amendments Act, 212, 623
and FISA Court, 189, 192–93, 207, 209, 597
and Freedom of Information Act lawsuits, 169
and Northwest Airlines Flight 523, 223
and Raw Take rules, 218
and third-party doctrine, 713–14n55
Project on Government Secrecy, 410
ProPublica, 209
Protect America Act (2007), 57, 58, 201, 212–13, 214, 215, 216, 220
Pruitt, Gary, 396
Psaki, Jennifer, 677
Pultizer Prize for Public Service, 402
Pustay, Melanie, 454
Putin, Vladimir, 401, 654
Qatar, 519, 553
qualified immunity, 153, 156
Quayle, Dan, 43
Qwest International, 712n23
Radack, Jesselyn, 381
Rakoff, Jed, 447, 739n57
Ramos-Horta, José, 536
RDINet (rendition, detention, and interrogation), 116, 146–47, 432, 434, 492, 512, 513
Reagan, Ronald
and changes to FISA, 174
congressional contempt citation for Environmental Protection Agency leader, 451
and Espionage Act, 366, 367
Executive Order 12333, 172, 181, 236
and executive power, 43
and FISA Court, 188
and Geneva Conventions, 727n49
Howard as appointee of, 198
judicial appointees, 596
Koh in Office of Legal Counsel, 72
legal team of, 175
and Roberts, 595
and signing statements, 668
and targeted killings, 236, 237
Vinson as appointee of, 204
recession of 2008, 83
Red Cross
and Bagram Airfield’s Parwan prison, 108, 295
and periodic review boards for terrorism detainees, 509, 743–44n44
and Warsame, 341, 344, 347
Rehnquist, William, 198, 594, 596
Reid, Harry, 615, 643
Reid, Richard, 84, 87–88
Reilly, Ryan, 503
Remes, David, 524
Republican Party
on Abdulmutallab’s transfer to military custody, 33, 79, 83, 85, 88, 91–92, 93, 94–95
and Affordable Care Act, 660
anti-Big Government sentiments of, 17
and civil trials for Guantánamo detainees, 20, 332, 547
and civil trials for terrorism suspects, 346
and closing of Guantánamo, 130, 297
criticism of Holder, 398, 449
criticism of Obama’s law enforcement approach, 306
criticism of Obama’s leaking classified information, 394–96
criticism of Obama’s national security policy, 85–86, 126, 254
and Defense of Marriage Act, 499
and Democratic Party’s criticism of national security policy, 16–17, 38–39
and Democratic Party’s loss of filibuster-proof majority in Senate, 82–83
and detention policies, 478
and executive power, 281
and Holder’s criminal investigation of torture, 145
and Libya, 641, 642–43
on Northwest Airlines Flight 523, 75–77
and Obama’s interrogation practices, 307
primary campaign, 56
and Senate report on CIA torture, 491
and targeted killings, 287
and Uighurs, 127, 136
Reynolds, Patrick, 572
Rhodes, Ben
and Bagram, 296
and Daqduq, 484
on Northwest Airlines Flight 523, 79
and Obama’s national security legal policy approach, 697–98
and Obama’s presidential campaign, 56
and Syria, 653, 686
and targeted killings, 283
and transfer of Guantánamo detainees, 530, 531
Rice, Condoleezza, 64, 541
Rice, Susan
and Benghazi attack, 459
and Bergdahl, 520
on closing of Guantánamo, 329, 554
and evidence obtained under torture, 509
as national security adviser, 581
and surveillance programs, 598, 602–03, 608
and transfer of Guantánamo detainees, 518, 527
Richardson, Bill, 56
Richardson, Margaret, 590
Risen, James
and reporter’s testimonial privilege, 402–05, 413–14
and Sterling, 353, 371, 380–81, 402, 403, 732n58
and warrantless wiretapping, 196, 352, 355, 356, 357, 370–71, 408
Rivkin, David, 155, 416–17, 475, 484
Rizzo, John, 236–37, 385, 386, 422, 423, 424, 428–29
Roark, Diane, 353, 354
Roberts, John G., Jr., 204, 594–97
Robow, Mukhtar, 275, 276–78
Rogers, Mike, 287, 401–02, 579, 584, 612–13, 723n79
Rohrabacher, Dana, 127
Romero, Anthony, 49, 332
Romney, Mitt, 56, 281, 282, 475–78, 483–84, 555, 580, 752n50
Roosevelt, Franklin, 275, 710n12
Rosen, James, 375–78, 397–98
Rosenberg, Carol, 503
Rosenstein, Rod, 396
Rove, Karl, 76
Ruemmler, Kathryn
and George W. Bush torture memos, 427
and civil trials for terrorism suspects, 329–30
declassification of information, 409
and detainee abuse documents, 434, 435
Disclosures Action Tracker, 623
and executive privilege, 450–51, 471
and mandatory military detention, 480–81
and military commissions, 544
and recess appointments, 445–46, 658, 761–62n68
and surveillance programs, 598, 602, 604, 606–07, 694
and Syria, 652
and targeted killings, 441
Rumsfeld, Donald, 155
Ruppersberger, Dutch, 612
Russell, Thomas B., 595
Russia, 628, 629, 630, 636, 651, 654, 682, 759n23
Russo, Anthony, 366, 375
Sachtleben, Donald, 405–06
Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 77–78, 224, 232–33, 235, 272
Sanchez, Julian, 713n55
Sanger, David, 255, 395, 396, 409
Santorum, Rick, 281, 594
Saudi Arabia
and al‑Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula airliner bomb plot, 395
as bin Laden’s home country, 270
CIA drone base in, 279
Guantánamo detainees repatriated to, 105–06, 148, 313, 551
Obama’s meeting with senior representatives, 553
Savage, Charlie
and Anwar al‑Awlaki memo, 452–53
executive-power survey for candidates in election of 2008, 55–57, 450, 631, 633, 638, 653, 668
and FISA Court, 594–96
Freedom of Information Act lawsuits, 201, 208, 211, 235
Guantánamo visits, 503–04, 523–26
and military commissions, 318
and National Counterterrorism Center, 575–76
New York Times article on Obama’s continuity with Bush-era policies, 16
signing statement articles of, 40
and surveillance programs, 587, 608, 610
and targeted killings, 439
and USA Patriot Act, 580
on wiretapping Internet companies, 569
Savage, Luiza, 55
Sawyer, Heather, 584, 613, 756n121
Scahill, Jeremy, 230
Scalia, Antonin, 111
Schalt, John, 34
Schiliro, Paul, 670
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 42
Schmaler, Tracy, 398
Schmitt, Eric, 255
Scullin, Frederick, 198, 206
SEAL Team Six commandos, 262, 265–69, 339, 408
secrecy. See also executive privilege; Freedom of Information Act lawsuits; leaked top secret documents; leak investigations; state secrets privilege
and bin Laden raid, 258, 259, 265, 266
George W. Bush’s denial of Freedom of Information Act requests, 419
of George W. Bush’s White House visitor logs, 460
and CIA torture program, 544
and detainee abuses, 426, 427, 428, 431, 468
and drone strike on Anwar al‑Awlaki, 97
and executive power, 42, 46, 47, 463
and interrogation and rendition task force, 140
and national security law, 37, 41, 45
and Obama’s targeted killings, 437–43, 463–64, 469–71
and Obama’s transparency policy, 418–20, 426–32, 441, 443, 444, 447, 448, 454, 458–62, 463, 464, 467, 471, 489
and Obama’s USA Patriot Act interpretation, 435–37
and overclassification, 390, 459
and photographs of war-zone abuses, 467–69
and surveillance programs, 51n, 80, 162, 578–83
and transit authority, 176
and U.S. attorney firings subpoena, 424–26
and war on terrorism, 379
secret law, 437, 447, 462, 467, 579
security state
of George W. Bush, 14, 17, 165–66, 422, 457, 635, 695
of Obama, 14, 17, 165–66, 422, 635, 694, 695
Snowden’s opinions on, 400
Seitz, Virginia, 438, 441, 445–46, 450, 480, 628, 658, 678–79
Senate Armed Services Committee, 309, 345, 478, 497, 521, 550–52
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 637, 648–49, 653
Senate Judiciary Committee, 49, 222, 388, 397, 453, 455, 578–79, 586
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
and Christmas bombing attempt of 2009, 93
CIA torture investigation, 115–16, 117, 145–46, 147
CIA torture report, 195–96n, 336, 337, 338, 389, 435, 491–92, 512–13, 536, 538, 544
and Clapper’s confirmation hearing, 312–14
and detainee abuse documents, 432–35
and Krass, 265
and NSA’s bulk phone records program, 359, 580, 599
and Obama’s recess appointments, 446
oversight hearing on national security threats, 580–82
and RDINet, 432, 512, 513
and state secrets privilege, 736n16
and surveillance programs, 185, 572
and targeted killings, 438, 440–41, 445, 454, 469–70, 741n101
and USA Patriot Act, 222, 436, 579
Sensenbrenner, James, 583–84, 598–600, 612–13, 617, 619
Sessions, Jeff, 550, 551
Shahoulian, David, 762n77
Shahzad, Faisal, 306
Shami, Abdullah al‑. See Farekh, Mohanad Mahmoud al‑
Shane, Scott
on Abdulmutallab, 79
on Anwar al‑Awlaki, 227, 235, 442, 452
and intelligence on bin Laden, 335
and Kiriakou, 386
and leak investigations, 369
and targeted killings, 440, 453–54, 470, 471n102, 738n42
Shanker, Thom, 640
Sherman, Brad, 646
Shubert v. Obama (2009), 736n5
Sifton, John, 385–86
signing statements
George W. Bush’s use of, 16, 39–41, 535, 667–69, 671, 672, 678, 679, 680
and executive power, 16, 39–41, 55, 57, 327, 481, 535, 668–69
and Obama on National Defense Authorization Act, 328, 481, 521
and Obama’s foreign affairs policy, 666–72, 678–80, 764n110
Silverstein, Richard, 369
Simon, Sam, 755n115
Sisi, Abdel Fattah, el‑, 676–77
Sixth Amendment, 158
60 Minutes, 382
Sloan, Cliff, 511–12, 516, 526, 527, 530, 553, 746n80, 746n82
Smith, Adam, 671
Smith v. Maryland, 713–14n55
Snowden, Edward J.
and bin Laden raid, 722n72
changes in intelligence gathering rules for executive branch, 217
leaks of top secret documents about surveillance programs, 169, 174, 176, 186, 189, 195, 198, 201, 207, 209, 219, 220, 359, 360, 361, 362, 377, 400–402, 435, 461, 560, 567, 570, 573, 575, 583, 586–687, 593–94, 597, 599, 600–605, 609, 611, 616, 620, 621, 624, 625, 626
and Prism, 216
U.S. extradition demands, 401
and XKEYSCORE system, 716n85
and Yahoo’s legal battle, 215
Snowe, Olympia, 435
Somalia
and al‑Shabaab, 274, 276, 585
and Joint Special Operations Command, 71
and Obama’s air strikes, 248, 445, 632
and Obama’s detention policy, 295, 339
Soufan, Ali, 158
South Africa, 122
sovereign immunity doctrine, 153
Soviet Union, threat of nuclear war with, 42
Spain, and repatriation of detainees, 138
Spanish-American War, 109
Spath, Vance, 547
Spaulding, Suzanne, 59
Specter, Arlan, 594, 753n69
Sprint, 361, 561, 608
Srinivasan, Sri, 499
Stamilio, Mark, 108
Starzak, Alissa, 146
State Department
Abdulmutallab’s father speaking to, 703n18
and Abdulmutallab’s visa, 30
and Alhag, 322
and Anwar al‑Awlaki, 417
and George W. Bush’s national security policy, 64
and Geneva Convention Against Torture, 535–37
and Honduras, 674
and human rights, 535
and interagency national security lawyers group, 64
Internet Freedom, 620
Koh’s nomination and confirmation for position in, 119–20, 708n27
and military commissions, 125
and Obama’s detainee policy, 118
and Obama’s state secrets privilege, 423
and Syria, 628
and targeted killings, 283
and transfer of Guantánamo detainees, 525, 526, 527, 530
state secrets privilege. See also executive privilege
and Nasser al‑Awlaki’s lawsuit, 415–18
and executive power, 415–16, 418, 419, 422, 735n2
Leahy-Nadler bill on, 423
and Obama’s continuity with George W.
Bush’s national security policy, 14, 420–21, 424
ongoing litigation from George W.
Bush, 421–22, 424
and Sterling, 353
and surveillance programs, 209
Verrilli’s review of policy, 422–24
Steigerwald, Marvin, 19, 26–27
Steinitz, Yuval, 761n53
Stellarwind
and Binney, 187, 354
George W. Bush’s briefings on, 212
Caproni’s study of counterrorism leads, 196, 714–15n63
components of, 164, 186, 192, 193, 194–202, 208, 214, 221, 566, 578, 612
and FISA Amendments Act, 212, 556, 561, 599
and FISA BR program, 198
and FISA Court, 188–89, 197–202, 205, 596, 610
and FISA PR/TT program, 195
Goldsmith’s memo on, 193, 540
and hospital-room crisis, 190–94, 195, 196, 566
Justice Department inspector general report on, 191, 211, 715–16n78
Large Content FISA program, 200
legality of, 573
and Obama National Security and Legal-Policy Team, 192, 218–21
Terrorist Surveillance Program, 196, 200
and transit authority, 626
and violation of FISA, 750n21
Yoo’s memo on, 184–85, 540
Sterling, Jeffrey, 352–53, 356, 358, 370–71, 380–81, 402–04, 413–14
Stevens, J. Christopher, 650
Stevens, Ted, 357–58
Stewart, Jen, 642–43
Stimson, Charles, 475, 484
Stone, Geoffrey, 754n88
Stuxnet computer virus, 395, 634
Sudan, 511
Sullivan, Jake, 65–66
Sunstein, Cass, 754n88
surveillance laws
George W. Bush’s signing statement on USA Patriot Law, 40
and definition of surveillance, 750n21
development of, 37
and judiciary, 54
and Stellarwind, 192
and Sussmann, 360, 561–62
and Thinthread, 178–79, 181, 354
and wiretapping, 174, 212, 219, 559, 560
surveillance programs
of George W. Bush, 20, 48–50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 81, 162, 164, 168, 170, 180–84, 185, 187, 190–97, 199–202, 203, 205, 416, 538, 556, 557, 560–61, 565, 566, 584, 696, 712n23
and George W. Bush’s state secrets privilege, 416
e‑mail records program, 167, 168, 169, 177, 182, 186, 191, 192, 193, 194–95, 197, 198–99, 207–11, 214, 220, 336, 713–14n55, 716n85
evidence derived from, 586–93
and executive power, 42, 46, 50–51, 55, 56
and Fourth Amendment, 50, 166, 171, 175, 188, 710n12
Hinnen’s review of, 167–68
history of U.S. policy on, 170
legalization of, 105, 167–68, 183, 184, 194–202, 555
and national security law, 37, 57, 561
of Obama, 35, 60, 162, 167–68, 169, 170, 220, 557, 560–61, 573–78, 597–600, 603–09, 626, 691, 696, 714n58
Obama’s campaign rhetoric on, 58, 59, 60
and Obama’s state secrets privilege, 736n5
reforms of, 401, 597–600, 603–09, 612–20, 623–24, 625, 694
secret bulk phone records program, 51n, 80–81, 162, 164–67, 168, 169, 172, 186, 187, 192, 193, 196–99, 220, 221, 222, 223, 336, 359, 399–400, 435, 561, 562–64, 580–86, 593, 596, 598, 599, 600–603, 604, 605–08, 617–18, 624, 694, 749n16, 754n98
and transit authority, 174–77, 181, 186, 213, 217, 609–10, 626, 712n23, 755n108
upstream Internet surveillance, 207–11, 216, 217, 558, 572, 573, 716n90, 749n6
and wall between national security and criminal investigations, 188–89, 589, 710n12
warrantless surveillance programs, 14, 41, 47, 55, 56, 57, 164, 174, 187–88, 189, 192, 196, 197, 199–207, 220, 351, 352–53, 354, 355, 356, 357, 408, 555–60, 574, 585, 586–93, 612, 693, 712n23, 736n5
wiretapping Internet companies, 566–71, 754n99
surveillance technology
development of, 170–72
legal regulation of, 710n12, 711n13, 711n14
Sussmann, Michael, 360–62, 561–62, 729n17
Swire, Peter, 754n88
Syria
Bush’s use of extraordinary rendition, 141
chemical weapons in, 627–30, 650, 651, 654
and extending war on terrorism, 685–90
and Obama’s air strikes, 248, 653–54, 686, 722–23n77, 765n124
Obama’s decision to arm moderate rebels in, 66, 650
White House Situation Room policy meeting concerning, 65–66
Taft, William, 175
Taliban
in Afghanistan, 689
and Bagram prisoners, 532
and bulk leaks, 374
higher-level Guantánamo detainees transferred to Qatar for Bergdahl, 519–20, 526, 552, 671
law‑of‑war detention of captives, 104, 119, 149
and Pakistan, 260, 281, 306
and targeted killings, 254–55, 256
and war on drugs, 633
Tallman, Richard, 595
Tamm, Thomas, 356–57, 408
Tanner, Chad, 146
Tarek, Abu, 31, 88–89, 706n24
targeted killings. See also drone strikes
approval process, 282–87, 288, 418, 691
assassination ban, 236–38, 249
and Anwar al‑Awlaki memo, 232, 235, 441
and battlefield rules, 241, 245, 248–49, 276, 444
and civilian casualties, 225–26
cruise-missile strikes on al‑Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, 224–27, 229–32
and drone strikes, 241, 244
and executive power, 282
force protection, 255
and foreign-murder statute, 249, 250, 251, 453, 470
high-value target, 257–58, 289
and imminent threat, 240, 241, 245, 246, 247, 248
and Joint Special Operations Command, 71
and kill lists, 283, 418
legality of, 232, 233–36, 239–45, 246, 273, 277, 278, 282, 283, 286, 288–89, 437, 438–40, 444, 720n40, 720n45
and memoranda of notification, 236–37
and national security policy, 37
near certainty standard, 285
and Obama’s extrajudicial executions, 242
and patterns of life, 255
personality strikes, 254–55
Presidential Policy Guidance, 284
signature strikes, 254–57, 259, 280, 283, 284, 285, 287, 289, 444, 457
and Stellarwind, 192
target defined, 225–26
terrorist attack disruption strikes(TADS), 257
U.S. citizens as targets, 230, 231, 234–39, 249–52, 279–82, 284–87, 289–90, 415, 437–40, 463–64, 465
white paper on, 247, 453–54, 469
Tatel, David S., 324, 500
Taylor, Anna Diggs, 199–200
Taylor, Robert, 226, 498, 525
Tea Party movement
and deficit reduction, 657
IRS’s scrutiny of, 396
opposition to Obama, 83, 94, 655
rising power of, 137
and spending bill, 636–37
and surveillance programs, 584
and targeted killings, 457
telecommunications companies
lawsuits against, 197
and National Security Agency, 185–86, 192–93, 198, 212, 214, 609–10
retroactive legal immunity for surveillance programs, 57, 58, 212, 711n21
and transit authority, 175–76, 214, 609–10, 712n23, 755n108
Tenet, George
and George W. Bush torture memos, 428
and domestic data collection, 181–82, 184, 195
and interrogation program, 540, 541, 542
and Leiter, 29
resignation of, 747n103
terrorism detainees. See also Guantánamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba; interrogation practices
George W. Bush’s policies on, 107–08, 109, 297, 299, 303
CIA’s use of torture against, 387
Freedom of Information Act lawsuit on abuses, 426, 427, 431
high-value terrorists, 293, 294, 339–43, 476
humane treatment of, 156
intelligence gathered from, 293, 295, 507
legacy detainees, 103, 106, 107–10, 121, 135, 161, 297, 309, 331, 348, 482–85, 486, 497–98, 508, 698
March 13 Standard, 120–21, 134, 138–39, 149, 283, 295, 312, 485, 487, 726n36
and 9/11 defendants, 336
Obama’s detention policy, 21–22, 73, 78, 80, 96, 102–03, 107–10, 112–13, 117–21, 123, 133–34, 148–52, 163, 166, 293–303, 309, 339–43, 344–47, 478, 481, 482, 550, 671, 697
Obama’s detention-policy task force, 103, 105, 109, 123–26, 130–33, 136, 138–39, 147–48, 294
Obama’s hybrid model, 344–47, 348
Obama’s interagency task force on, 103, 105, 109, 123, 432
Obama’s law enforcement approach, 293–94, 306
Obama’s long-term detention of new captives, 296
Obama’s Straw Man Plan, 293–96, 340, 341
Olsen’s Guantánamo detainee-review report, 160–61
periodic review boards for, 508–10, 551, 691, 743–44n44, 766n137
protests of indefinite detention, 493, 503–04
resettlement deals for, 308
significant threat, 295
suit against CIA contractor, 420
U.S. citizens as, 153, 156
terrorism suspects
and battlefield statements, 124, 131, 132, 133
George W. Bush’s designation as enemy combatants, 20, 112, 118
George W. Bush’s imprisonment without trial, 14, 20, 60, 72, 84, 101, 110–11, 112
George W. Bush’s memorandum of notification on al‑Qaeda, 236–37
and George W. Bush’s surveillance programs, 182, 186, 188
George W. Bush’s torture of, 242, 720n45
civil trials for, 20, 21, 68, 76, 83, 85, 87–88, 91, 95, 110, 111, 125, 126, 127, 130–31, 287, 293, 297, 343, 344, 345, 346, 348–49, 478, 495, 533
and contact-chaining, 164, 217–18
databases for analysis of, 96–97
enemy combatant status for, 20, 76–77, 83, 154, 282
and interagency national security lawyers group, 65
and mandatory military detention, 478–82
military commissions for prosecuting, 46, 76, 85, 127, 130–31, 495
Miranda warnings for, 84–86, 131, 140, 305–08
and National Security Agency’s Stellarwind, 191
and National Security Agency’s Thinthread, 178
Obama’s drone strikes against terrorists, 293
Obama’s indefinite detention without trial, 103, 110, 123, 124, 125, 129, 134, 134–36, 139, 159, 330, 348, 534, 536
Obama’s interagency task force on detention of, 103, 105, 109, 123–26
Obama’s interrogation practices, 307, 697
Obama’s use of extraordinary rendition, 14, 141, 142
partisan battles on handling of, 30
Special Forces capturing, 110
and targeted killings, 240–41, 255, 282, 283
terrorism as crime rather than act of war, 85
U.S. citizens as, 307, 505–07
terrorist attack disruption strikes (TADS), 257
Terrorist Screening Center, and FBI terrorist watch lists, 78
terror watch-list database, 737n19
Thompson, Fred, 56
Thompson, Karl, 522, 661–63
Times Square bomb threat, 306, 307
torture. See also interrogation practices
and Abu Ghraib prison, 39
George W. Bush’s authorization of, 13, 20, 29, 39, 72, 79, 101, 103, 121–22, 143, 242, 539
George W. Bush’s legal reasoning concerning, 153, 157, 249, 534, 535
George W. Bush’s torture memos, 234, 427, 428, 429, 430, 448
compensation of victims, 537
and criticism of George W. Bush’s national security policy, 48
effectiveness of, 539
evidence obtained under, 21, 106, 114, 135, 152, 313, 319, 320–24, 325, 326, 331, 336, 508, 509–10, 727n42
and executive power, 55
and extraordinary rendition, 141, 142
Geneva Convention Against Torture, 534, 535, 536, 537
Holder’s criminal investigation of, 20, 144–45, 146, 147
leak of George W. Bush’s torture memos, 234
legality of, 242, 720n45
and national security law, 37, 39, 56
Obama’s ban on, 14, 15, 16, 21, 79, 131, 135, 152, 161, 166, 335, 427, 428, 476, 534, 535, 536, 694, 695, 696
Obama’s campaign speeches on, 52, 53, 56–57
and Office of Legal Counsel, 234
Romney interrogation memo, 476–78
Senate investigation of, 115–16, 117, 336, 337, 338, 389, 435, 491–92, 512
torture legislation, 39–40
waterboarding, 145, 152, 242, 311, 335, 336, 339, 386, 387–89, 430, 477–78, 539–40, 541, 542
Townsend, Frances, 179, 187
Transportation Security Agency, and Abdulmutallab, 28
Traxler, William, 405
Triangle Terror Group, 281
Truman, Harry, 42, 193–94, 632, 672
Truth and Reconciliation Commission, South Africa, 122
Tsarnaev, Dzhokhar, 505–07, 548
Tsarnaev, Tamerlan, 505–06
Tunisia, 374, 635, 638
Turkel, Jonathan, 706n24
Turkey, 628–29, 630
Turner, Shawn, 581–83, 611
Tutu, Desmond, 536
Twitter, 391, 457, 507
Tye, John Napier, 620–21, 623–24
Tyrrell, Steven, 351–52, 355–58, 368, 370–71, 380, 408, 414
Udall, Mark
and Barron’s confirmation, 466, 467
and Brennan, 515
and midterm elections, 615
and Panetta Review, 492, 512, 513
and surveillance programs, 565, 566, 579, 598–99, 614, 619, 624
and targeted killings, 469–70
and USA Patriot Act, 359–60, 436, 437
Uganda, and al‑Shabaab, 276
Uighurs, detention in Guantánamo, 15, 126–27, 129, 130, 134, 136, 302, 303, 517
United Arab Emirates, 553
United Nations Committee Against Torture, 143, 538
United Nations Convention Against Torture, 536
United Nations Security Council, 233, 628, 629, 630, 636, 645, 651, 652, 759n23
U.S. military
after-action reviews, 122
aiding the enemy charge, 393
Central Command, 286
Cold War deployment of, 42
photographs of war-zone abuses, 467–68
and Stellarwind, 192
surveillance programs of, 170
and unlawful command influence, 318–19
U.S. Supreme Court
attenuation‑of‑taint doctrine, 344
and George W. Bush’s use of signing statement, 672, 763n97
and citizenship of terrorism suspects, 307
and deadly force, 239
on detention of citizens captured fighting for enemy on foreign battlefield, 111, 112–13
and executive orders, 185
and executive power, 46–47, 109, 185, 193–94, 299
and executive privilege, 425
and government officials compelled to testify, 146
habeas corpus rights of Guantánamo detainees, 20, 108, 109, 110, 300, 324
Hamdan decision, 704n1
Hamdi decision, 238–39
on indictments, 253
and Latif, 493
on military commissions, 53, 56, 64, 69, 101, 159
and Miranda warning, 27, 305–06
Obama’s nominees for, 24
and Obama’s recess appointments, 446, 659, 761–62n68
on phone records, 166, 171, 710n12
precedents on privacy rights, 37
protection of terrorism detainees, 54
and reporter’s privilege, 402–03
on same-sex couples, 656
and state secrets privilege, 416, 424
and surveillance programs, 50, 557, 558–59, 587, 588, 591, 592
and targeted killings, 439
third-party doctrine, 713–14n55
on transnational war against al‑Qaeda, 743n44
and Uighurs, 302
on war powers, 104, 647
wartime detention case, 61, 304
U.S. v. Reynolds (1953), 735n2
Uruguay, 516, 517, 518, 523, 527, 530, 746n82
USA Freedom Act, 600, 612–20, 625–26
USA Patriot Act
and bulk records collection, 612
and business records, 50–51, 205, 436, 580, 583, 602
and Congress, 182–83, 188, 197, 221–22, 223
extension of, 616, 617, 618, 755–56n119
and FBI, 50–51, 51n, 359, 561
interpretation of, 106, 168, 221–23, 359–60, 435–37, 578–79, 580, 752n50
reauthorization of, 40, 80
Section 206, 205
Section 215, 205, 221, 222, 223, 359–61, 435–36, 561, 578–79, 580, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 602, 604, 607, 614, 616, 617–18, 619, 624, 757n135
Sensenbrenner as sponsor of, 583, 584, 600
and surveillance programs, 197, 359–61, 563
USA Today, 197, 360, 399–400
USS Boxer, 340, 344
USS Carl Vinson, 270
USS Cole bombing
and Bahlul’s propaganda video for al‑Qaeda on, 497–98
and Harithi, 281
military commission trials for, 113, 114, 131, 157, 158, 163, 498, 544, 546, 547, 548
and Nashiri, 21, 77, 157, 310, 330, 545
Verizon, 186, 210, 399, 568, 581–82, 608, 609
Verrilli, Donald
and Anwar al‑Awlaki memo, 466–67
and Bahlul, 500
and George W. Bush’s interrogation memos, 426, 427–28
and force-feeding of Guantánamo detainees, 746n79
and Guantánamo detainee abuses, 516
and Jaffer, 555
and Obama’s state secrets privilege, 421–24
and offenses for military commissions, 499
and Padilla case, 155
on rights of terrorism suspects, 305
on surveillance programs, 50, 558–60, 586–92
Vickers, Mike, 257, 258, 265
Vietnam War, 41, 42, 150, 366, 467, 632
Vietor, Tommy, 483, 484
Vinson, Roger, 204–07, 210, 211
Vladeck, Stephen I., 302–03, 471
Vogel, Ryan, 509
Wahishi, Nasser al‑, 232
Wainstein, Kenneth, 200, 205, 346–47, 504–05
Wald, Patricia, 754n92
Wall Street Journal, 335, 339, 484, 606, 612, 615, 619
Walton, Reggie, 120, 165, 167, 215–16, 564, 754n97
warfare. See also drone strikes; targeted killings; war powers
American common law of war, 498
and battlefield rules, 241, 245, 248–49, 255
and cyberweapons, 633–35
and executive power, 42, 55, 57
and hot battlefield, 240, 245, 248, 284, 286, 290, 443, 444, 688, 720n40
initiation of war in twenty-first century, 631–35
international laws of, 103–04, 149–50, 240, 666
law of armed conflict, 240, 245, 246, 248, 251, 537
self-defense law, 245, 248, 250, 264, 628–29
soldiers in uniform as privileged belligerents, 251
sovereignty law, 263–64, 265, 722–23n77
in twenty-first century, 37, 38, 104, 134, 170, 240, 248, 273, 307, 468, 626, 634, 695
war on drugs, 633
war on terrorism. See also terrorism detainees; terrorism suspects
and battlefield rules, 241, 245, 248–49, 443
and George W. Bush, 11, 14, 44, 62, 76, 101, 135, 149
Congress’s authorization of, 61, 118, 120
and definition of warfare, 245–49, 506–07
and due process, 128, 238, 239, 443
ending of, 683–85
extending of, 685–90
FBI’s experience with national security intelligence interrogations, 23
fight against al‑Qaeda as war, 103–04, 520
and Islamist groups, 274, 278
and national security law, 37–38, 45
and Obama, 14, 60–62, 76, 95–97, 120, 128, 149, 245, 294
protection against terrorist attacks, 166
and rule of law, 38, 60, 62–63, 128, 149, 690–95
and secrecy, 379
terrorism as crime versus terrorism as war, 20, 104
and war on drugs, 633
war powers
and George W. Bush, 129, 192, 193, 234, 522, 552, 645, 648–49, 653, 666
and Obama, 129, 301, 521, 522, 523, 552, 630, 633, 645, 648–49, 653, 654, 655, 666
U.S. Supreme Court on, 104
War Powers Resolution, 259, 445, 632, 638–48, 687, 759n25
Warren, Earl, 135
Warren Court, and Miranda warning, 27
Warsame, Ahmed, 340–48, 550, 551, 697
Washington Post, 216, 231, 288–89, 397, 402, 562, 582, 621, 624
Watergate, 41, 42, 43–44, 366, 419, 425
Waters, Timothy, 26, 27
Weich, Ron, 221, 449–50
Weingarten, Reid, 398–99
Weinstein, Warren, 288
Weirick, James, 467–69
Weissmann, Andrew, 36–37, 480–81, 570, 590, 592
Welch, William, 357–58, 370–71, 380–81, 383–84, 404, 407–08
West, Tony, 321, 416, 417
Western Union, 171, 612
West Point Group, 264
Wheeler, Marcy, 565–66, 750n20
Whelen, Ed, 708n27
whistleblowers
and Drake, 381–82, 408
and Espionage Act, 365, 382
and Kiriakou, 387, 389
and Manning, 393
and National Security Agency, 180, 353–54, 355, 356–57, 712n26
Obama’s policy on, 351, 356, 387, 389, 390, 459
and photographs of war-zone abuses, 467–68
and Tye, 624
White, Byron, 403
Whitehouse, Sheldon, 185
White House
and Abdulmutallab teleconference, 28, 33
Office of Management and Budget, 480, 669
Office of Science and Technology Policy, 569, 678
White House Correspondents’ Dinner, 665
White House Situation Room
and bin Laden raid, 262, 270, 271
and George W. Bush’s deliberations on detainee abuse documents, 435
and George W. Bush’s meetings on intelligence, 541
and George W. Bush torture memos, 429
and detainee abuse documents, 433–34
and detainee transfer issues, 328–29
and detention issues, 123, 134
and Libya, 642, 644
and mandatory military detention, 479
meeting on Abdulmutallab, 79–80
and military commission issues, 309–10
and Obama’s goal of closing Guantánamo, 314–15, 529
Obama’s interagency national security lawyers group meeting in, 64, 65–66
and Obama’s state secrets privilege, 423
and surveillance program issues, 162, 163, 164, 569, 575, 584, 602, 608
“Terror Tuesday” meetings, 24, 95, 272
Wiegmann, Brad, 123, 130, 294, 494, 587, 614
WikiLeaks, 372–75, 390–92, 393, 487, 736n6
Will, George F., 666
Wilson, J. Douglas, 140–42, 144
Wilson, Valerie Plame, 366–67, 385
Winter, Damon, 523–24
Wired, 581
wiretapping
court orders required for, 13, 48, 53, 54, 164, 172, 174, 176, 711n13
and surveillance laws, 174, 212, 219, 566–67
Title III warrants for, 171, 710n12, 757n138
warrantless wiretapping program, 39, 41, 46, 48–49, 51, 53, 56, 172, 192, 196, 197, 199–207, 212, 351, 352–53, 354, 355, 356, 357, 408, 555–60, 574, 585, 586–93, 612, 693, 711n13, 712n23, 736n5
Wolf, Frank, 127, 130
Wolosky, Lee, 553
Woodrow Wilson International Center, 52, 56
Woodward, Bob, 237
Work, Robert, 546–47
World War I, 364, 627
World War II, 275, 498
Wright, Andy, 452
Wuhayshi, Nasir al‑, 90, 288–89
Wunsch, Charles, 562
Wyda, James, 371, 383
Wyden, Ron
and surveillance programs, 565, 566, 571–72, 579–82, 598, 599–600, 618, 619, 624, 625
and targeted killings, 438, 442, 469–70
and USA Patriot Act, 222–23, 359–60, 436, 437, 599
Yahoo
and FBI surveillance, 568
and FISA Court, 214–16
lawsuit challenging FISA Court order, 215–16
and Prism, 557, 566
and redundant back of e‑mail accounts, 621
Yahoo Mail, 177
Yemen. See also al‑Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)
Abdulmutallab in, 19, 30, 31, 89, 91
Anwar al‑Awlaki in, 227, 271
Nasser al‑Awlaki from, 227
George W. Bush’s drone strike in, 241
CIA drone strikes in, 281
conditional transfer of detainees, 148
and Joint Special Operations Command, 71
Obama’s air strikes in, 224–27, 229–33, 241, 248, 257, 271–74, 283, 294, 719n18
Obama’s detention policy, 339
Obama’s drone strikes in, 97, 272–74, 279, 289, 289–90, 439, 445
Obama’s moratorium on repatriation of detainees, 80, 96, 104–07, 293, 300, 311–14, 321, 322, 324, 690, 746n80
Petraeus’s meeting with Saleh, 77–78
plastic explosives developed in, 12
U.S. military involvement in, 79
Yoo, John
on bin Laden raid, 335
on executive power, 45, 153, 154, 184–85, 191, 235
Justice Department torture memo of, 144–45, 235, 540
list of legal assertions about torture program, 747n99
and Padilla case, 152–55, 157
Stellarwind memo, 184–85, 540
Young, William, 87–88
Zantow, Mike, 17–18
Zardari, Asif Ali, 260
Zawahiri, Ayman al‑, 258, 685–86
Zazi, Najibullah, 220, 286
Zelaya, Manuel, 672–75
Zero Dark Thirty (film), 338, 408–10
Zubaydah, Abu, 152, 311, 387, 388–89, 430
Zwillinger, Marc, 215